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Volume 32, Number 4—April 2026

Synopsis

Circulation Patterns, Genetic Diversity, and Public Health Implications of Enterovirus D68, Europe, 2014–2024

Cristina AndrésComments to Author , Ignasi Prats-Méndez, Sofie Midgley, Natasa Berginc, Alejandra González-Sánchez, Caroline Klint Johannesen, Andrés Antón, Patricia Nadal-Barón, Thea K. Fischer, Heli Harvala, and Kimberley S.M. Benschop
Author affiliation: Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain (C. Andrés, I. Prats-Méndez, A. González-Sánchez, A. Antón, P. Nadal-Barón); Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (S. Midgley); National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Laboratory for Polio, Ljubljana, Slovenia (N. Berginc); Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark (C.K. Johannesen, T.K. Fischer); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A. Antón); University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K. Fischer); National Health Service Blood and Transplant, London, UK (H. Harvala); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (H. Harvala); Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland (H. Harvala); University of Turku, Turku (H. Harvala); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (K.S.M. Benschop)

Main Article

Figure 3

Frequency of amino acid changes within the antigenic epitopes of the viral protein 1 (BC- and DE-loops) in clades A2/D and B3 in study of circulation patterns, genetic diversity, and public health implications of enterovirus D68 circulation, Europe, 2014–2024. A) Amino acid changes in the prepandemic period (2014–2019) in clade A2/D (top) and clade B3 (bottom); B) changes during pandemic and postpandemic periods (2020–2024) in clade A2/D (top) and clade B3 (bottom). Amino acids are colored according to their chemistry. Numbering is related to complete enterovirus D68 genome. Asterisks indicate position 650, also related to neurovirulence in mice. Image was created with Weblogo 3 (41).

Figure 3. Frequency of amino acid changes within the antigenic epitopes of the viral protein 1 (BC- and DE-loops) in clades A2/D and B3 in study of circulation patterns, genetic diversity, and public health implications of enterovirus D68 circulation, Europe, 2014–2024. A) Amino acid changes in the prepandemic period (2014–2019) in clade A2/D (top) and clade B3 (bottom); B) changes during pandemic and postpandemic periods (2020–2024) in clade A2/D (top) and clade B3 (bottom). Amino acids are colored according to their chemistry. Numbering is related to complete enterovirus D68 genome. Asterisks indicate position 650, also related to neurovirulence in mice. Image was created with Weblogo 3 (41).

Main Article

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