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Volume 32, Number 4—April 2026

Synopsis

Circulation Patterns, Genetic Diversity, and Public Health Implications of Enterovirus D68, Europe, 2014–2024

Cristina AndrésComments to Author , Ignasi Prats-Méndez, Sofie Midgley, Natasa Berginc, Alejandra González-Sánchez, Caroline Klint Johannesen, Andrés Antón, Patricia Nadal-Barón, Thea K. Fischer, Heli Harvala, and Kimberley S.M. Benschop
Author affiliation: Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain (C. Andrés, I. Prats-Méndez, A. González-Sánchez, A. Antón, P. Nadal-Barón); Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (S. Midgley); National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Laboratory for Polio, Ljubljana, Slovenia (N. Berginc); Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark (C.K. Johannesen, T.K. Fischer); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A. Antón); University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (T.K. Fischer); National Health Service Blood and Transplant, London, UK (H. Harvala); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (H. Harvala); Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland (H. Harvala); University of Turku, Turku (H. Harvala); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (K.S.M. Benschop)

Main Article

Table 4

Amino acid changes within mice-neurovirulent-related sites (553, 554, 650, and 835) in clades A2/D and B3 in study of circulation patterns, genetic diversity, and public health implications of enterovirus D68 circulation, Europe, 2014–2024*

Year No. sequences (WG)
Clade
EV-D68 complete genome numeration
553
554
650
835
No. sequences (WG) Clade 553
554
650
835
VP1 region
VP1 region
1
2
BC† 98
283
1
2
BC† 98
283
I D
A
K I D A K
2014 49 A2/D L E I E 5 B3 L/V • • E
2015 3 A2/D – – I – 10 (2) B3 • • • E
2016 3 (1) A2/D L E I E 424 (10) B3 • • • E
2017 5 A2/D – – V E – B3 – – – –
2018 209 (32) A2/D L E V E 156 (43) B3 • • • E
2019
8 (4)
A2/D
L
E
V
E
59 (13)
B3
•
•
T
E
2020 – A2/D – – – – 13 (8) B3 • • T E
2021 15 (3) A2/D L E I E 481 (44) B3 • • T E
2022 6 (3) A2/D L E I/V E 150 (65) B3 • • T E
2023 13 (5) A2/D L E I E 25 (12) B3 • E T E
2024
343 (28)
A2/D
L
E
I
E
75 (9)
B3
•
E
T
E
0%–25%
26%–49%
50%–74%
75%–100%

*Percentages are based on partial (650) or whole (553, 554, and 835) genome sequences. Numbering is related to complete EV-D68 genomes. Dots indicate amino acid is the same as in reference sequence. Dashed line notes start of COVID-19 pandemic period. A, alanine; E, glutamic acid; EV-D68, enterovirus D68; I, isoleucine; I/V, isoleucine/valine; L, leucine; L/V, leucine/valine; T, threonine; WG, whole genome; –, no information on amino acid position. †Refers to antigenic epitope BC-loop.

Main Article

Page created: March 04, 2026
Page updated: April 14, 2026
Page reviewed: April 14, 2026
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