Volume 32, Number 4—April 2026
Research
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps for Preventing Zika Virus Infection, Puerto Rico, USA
Zachary J. Madewell
, Sandra J. Kiplagat, India Kellum, Matthew J. Lozier, Olga Lorenzi, Janice Perez-Padilla, Freddy A. Medina, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, Laura E. Adams, Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Stephen H. Waterman, Roberto Barrera, and Tyler M. Sharp
, Sandra J. Kiplagat, India Kellum, Matthew J. Lozier, Olga Lorenzi, Janice Perez-Padilla, Freddy A. Medina, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, Laura E. Adams, Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Stephen H. Waterman, Roberto Barrera, and Tyler M. Sharp
Table 1
Characteristics of participants in an evaluation of effectiveness of autocidal gravid ovitraps for preventing Zika virus infection, Puerto Rico, USA*
| Characteristics | Total, n = 271 | Participant data |
p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention, n = 136 | Nonintervention, n = 135 | |||
| Age group, y, n = 267 | 0.283 | |||
| <20 | 18 (6.7) | 9 (6.7) | 9 (6.8) | |
| 20–39 | 31 (11.6) | 19 (14.2) | 12 (9.0) | |
| 40–59 | 86 (32.2) | 47 (35.1) | 39 (29.3) | |
| >60 |
132 (49.4) |
59 (44.0) |
73 (54.9) |
|
| Median age, y (IQR) |
59 (46–69) |
59 (43–69) |
60 (49–69) |
0.324 |
| Sex | 0.242 | |||
| F | 165 (60.9) | 88 (64.7) | 77 (57.0) | |
| M |
106 (39.1) |
48 (35.3) |
58 (43.0) |
|
| Years in community, n = 269 | 0.244 | |||
| 0–19 | 104 (38.7) | 56 (41.2) | 48 (36.1) | |
| 20–39 | 116 (43.1) | 52 (38.2) | 64 (48.1) | |
| >40 |
49 (18.2) |
28 (20.6) |
21 (15.8) |
|
| Median years (IQR) in community, n = 269 |
24 (12–35) |
21 (13–35) |
29 (12–34) |
0.307 |
| Acute illness with rash, fever, or joint pain since November 2015, n = 270 | 0.271 | |||
| Y | 58 (21.5) | 25 (18.4) | 33 (24.6) | |
| N |
212 (78.5) |
111 (81.6) |
101 (75.4) |
|
| Household characteristics | ||||
| No. persons in household | 0.516 | |||
| 1 | 60 (22.1) | 30 (22.1) | 30 (22.2) | |
| 2 | 101 (37.3) | 47 (34.6) | 54 (40.0) | |
| 3 | 52 (19.2) | 25 (18.4) | 27 (20.0) | |
| >4 | 58 (21.4) | 34 (25.0) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Median no. (IQR) persons in household | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.454 |
| No. children <5 years of age | 0.081 | |||
| 0 | 250 (92.3) | 121 (89.0) | 129 (95.6) | |
| 1 | 17 (6.3) | 13 (9.6) | 4 (3.0) | |
| 2 | 4 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Annual household income, USD, n = 238 | 0.059 | |||
| <25,000 | 173 (72.7) | 88 (73.3) | 85 (72.0) | |
| 26,000–50,000 | 46 (19.3) | 18 (15.0) | 28 (23.7) | |
| 51,000–75,000 | 16 (6.7) | 11 (9.2) | 5 (4.2) | |
| >76,000 | 3 (1.3) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Dwelling type | 0.393 | |||
| One-story house | 248 (91.5) | 122 (89.7) | 126 (93.3) | |
| Two-story house | 23 (8.5) | 14 (10.3) | 9 (6.7) | |
| No. screened windows/doors, n = 270 | 0.789 | |||
| 1 | 139 (51.5) | 70 (51.9) | 69 (51.1) | |
| 2 | 87 (32.2) | 45 (33.3) | 42 (31.1) | |
| 3 | 44 (16.3) | 20 (14.8) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Air conditioning use | 0.312 | |||
| In all rooms | 42 (15.5) | 18 (13.2) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Only in bedroom at night | 140 (51.7) | 68 (50.0) | 72 (53.3) | |
| None | 89 (32.8) | 50 (36.8) | 39 (28.9) | |
| Frequency of open windows/doors | 0.496 | |||
| Always | 96 (35.4) | 46 (33.8) | 50 (37.0) | |
| Only during the day | 116 (42.8) | 63 (46.3) | 53 (39.3) | |
| Only at night | 7 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | 5 (3.7) | |
| Never |
52 (19.2) |
25 (18.4) |
27 (20.0) |
|
| Mosquito exposure | ||||
| Weekly hours at home | 0.827 | |||
| <24 | 19 (7.0) | 9 (6.6) | 10 (7.4) | |
| 25–60 | 91 (33.6) | 48 (35.3) | 43 (31.9) | |
| 61–84 | 161 (59.4) | 79 (58.1) | 82 (60.7) | |
| Median weekly hours (IQR) at home | 73 (42–84) | 72 (42–84) | 74 (44–84) | 0.536 |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. Intervention communities had autocidal gravid ovitraps installed; nonintervention communities did not. IQR, interquartile range. †χ2 test was used for comparison of percentages, Fisher exact test was for comparison of categories with >1 value <5, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for medians.
Page created: March 04, 2026
Page updated: April 15, 2026
Page reviewed: April 15, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.