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Volume 32, Number 4—April 2026
Research
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps for Preventing Zika Virus Infection, Puerto Rico, USA
Zachary J. Madewell
, Sandra J. Kiplagat, India Kellum, Matthew J. Lozier, Olga Lorenzi, Janice Perez-Padilla, Freddy A. Medina, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, Laura E. Adams, Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Stephen H. Waterman, Roberto Barrera, and Tyler M. Sharp
, Sandra J. Kiplagat, India Kellum, Matthew J. Lozier, Olga Lorenzi, Janice Perez-Padilla, Freddy A. Medina, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, Laura E. Adams, Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Stephen H. Waterman, Roberto Barrera, and Tyler M. Sharp
Table 1
Characteristics of participants in an evaluation of effectiveness of autocidal gravid ovitraps for preventing Zika virus infection, Puerto Rico, USA*
| Characteristics | Total, n = 271 | Participant data |
p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention, n = 136 | Nonintervention, n = 135 | |||
| Age group, y, n = 267 | 0.283 | |||
| <20 | 18 (6.7) | 9 (6.7) | 9 (6.8) | |
| 20–39 | 31 (11.6) | 19 (14.2) | 12 (9.0) | |
| 40–59 | 86 (32.2) | 47 (35.1) | 39 (29.3) | |
| >60 |
132 (49.4) |
59 (44.0) |
73 (54.9) |
|
| Median age, y (IQR) |
59 (46–69) |
59 (43–69) |
60 (49–69) |
0.324 |
| Sex | 0.242 | |||
| F | 165 (60.9) | 88 (64.7) | 77 (57.0) | |
| M |
106 (39.1) |
48 (35.3) |
58 (43.0) |
|
| Years in community, n = 269 | 0.244 | |||
| 0–19 | 104 (38.7) | 56 (41.2) | 48 (36.1) | |
| 20–39 | 116 (43.1) | 52 (38.2) | 64 (48.1) | |
| >40 |
49 (18.2) |
28 (20.6) |
21 (15.8) |
|
| Median years (IQR) in community, n = 269 |
24 (12–35) |
21 (13–35) |
29 (12–34) |
0.307 |
| Acute illness with rash, fever, or joint pain since November 2015, n = 270 | 0.271 | |||
| Y | 58 (21.5) | 25 (18.4) | 33 (24.6) | |
| N |
212 (78.5) |
111 (81.6) |
101 (75.4) |
|
| Household characteristics | ||||
| No. persons in household | 0.516 | |||
| 1 | 60 (22.1) | 30 (22.1) | 30 (22.2) | |
| 2 | 101 (37.3) | 47 (34.6) | 54 (40.0) | |
| 3 | 52 (19.2) | 25 (18.4) | 27 (20.0) | |
| >4 | 58 (21.4) | 34 (25.0) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Median no. (IQR) persons in household | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.454 |
| No. children <5 years of age | 0.081 | |||
| 0 | 250 (92.3) | 121 (89.0) | 129 (95.6) | |
| 1 | 17 (6.3) | 13 (9.6) | 4 (3.0) | |
| 2 | 4 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Annual household income, USD, n = 238 | 0.059 | |||
| <25,000 | 173 (72.7) | 88 (73.3) | 85 (72.0) | |
| 26,000–50,000 | 46 (19.3) | 18 (15.0) | 28 (23.7) | |
| 51,000–75,000 | 16 (6.7) | 11 (9.2) | 5 (4.2) | |
| >76,000 | 3 (1.3) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Dwelling type | 0.393 | |||
| One-story house | 248 (91.5) | 122 (89.7) | 126 (93.3) | |
| Two-story house | 23 (8.5) | 14 (10.3) | 9 (6.7) | |
| No. screened windows/doors, n = 270 | 0.789 | |||
| 1 | 139 (51.5) | 70 (51.9) | 69 (51.1) | |
| 2 | 87 (32.2) | 45 (33.3) | 42 (31.1) | |
| 3 | 44 (16.3) | 20 (14.8) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Air conditioning use | 0.312 | |||
| In all rooms | 42 (15.5) | 18 (13.2) | 24 (17.8) | |
| Only in bedroom at night | 140 (51.7) | 68 (50.0) | 72 (53.3) | |
| None | 89 (32.8) | 50 (36.8) | 39 (28.9) | |
| Frequency of open windows/doors | 0.496 | |||
| Always | 96 (35.4) | 46 (33.8) | 50 (37.0) | |
| Only during the day | 116 (42.8) | 63 (46.3) | 53 (39.3) | |
| Only at night | 7 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | 5 (3.7) | |
| Never |
52 (19.2) |
25 (18.4) |
27 (20.0) |
|
| Mosquito exposure | ||||
| Weekly hours at home | 0.827 | |||
| <24 | 19 (7.0) | 9 (6.6) | 10 (7.4) | |
| 25–60 | 91 (33.6) | 48 (35.3) | 43 (31.9) | |
| 61–84 | 161 (59.4) | 79 (58.1) | 82 (60.7) | |
| Median weekly hours (IQR) at home | 73 (42–84) | 72 (42–84) | 74 (44–84) | 0.536 |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. Intervention communities had autocidal gravid ovitraps installed; nonintervention communities did not have traps during March–May 2017, when the Zika virus epidemic was ongoing. IQR, interquartile range. †χ2 test was used for comparison of percentages, Fisher exact test was for comparison of categories with >1 value <5, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for medians.
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Page updated: April 01, 2026
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