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Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 32, Number 8—August 2026

Research

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Infectious Agents Associated with Canine Importation into Canada, 2023–2024

Vanessa May Leung, Jada Chiasson1, Victoria Patterson1, Anjali Narasimhan, Maureen E.C. Anderson2, Tasha Epp2, Christopher Fernandez-Prada2, Emelia Wong Gordon2, Jean-Philippe Rocheleau2, Jason W. Stull2, Margo Vachon2, Scott Weese2, and Katie M. ClowComments to Author 
Author affiliation: University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (V.M. Leung, J. Chiasson, V. Patterson, A. Narasimhan, S. Weese, K.M. Clow); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness, Guelph (M.E.C. Anderson); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (T. Epp); University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (C. Fernandez-Prada, J.-P. Rocheleau); Haven Veterinary Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (E. Wong Gordon); University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (J.W. Stull); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M. Vachon)

Main Article

Figure 2

Approaches used to prioritize hazards in qualitative risk assessment of infectious agents associated with canine importation into Canada, 2023–2024. A) For the first approach, of the 53 hazards potentially associated with canine importation into Canada, 43 were ranked moderate or high likelihood of entry, 25 were ranked moderate or high likelihood of canine and/or human exposure, and 9 had a ranking of moderate or high for >1 of the 4 magnitudes of impact of exposure estimates. B) For the second approach, of the 53 hazards potentially associated with canine importation into Canada, 33 received a ranking of high (or moderate-high) for >2 estimates, and 10 had a minimum ranking of low or higher for all other estimates. Zoonotic hazards were only required to have a minimum ranking of low or higher for estimates related to 1 population (canids or humans).

Figure 2. Approaches used to prioritize hazards in qualitative risk assessment of infectious agents associated with canine importation into Canada, 2023–2024. A) For the first approach, of the 53 hazards potentially associated with canine importation into Canada, 43 were ranked moderate or high likelihood of entry, 25 were ranked moderate or high likelihood of canine and/or human exposure, and 9 had a ranking of moderate or high for >1 of the 4 magnitudes of impact of exposure estimates. B) For the second approach, of the 53 hazards potentially associated with canine importation into Canada, 33 received a ranking of high (or moderate-high) for >2 estimates, and 10 had a minimum ranking of low or higher for all other estimates. Zoonotic hazards were only required to have a minimum ranking of low or higher for estimates related to 1 population (canids or humans).

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

2These authors are members of the expert consultation group and contributed equally to this article.

Page created: May 28, 2026
Page updated: July 09, 2026
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