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Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 32, Number 8—August 2026

Research

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Infectious Agents Associated with Canine Importation into Canada, 2023–2024

Vanessa May Leung, Jada Chiasson1, Victoria Patterson1, Anjali Narasimhan, Maureen E.C. Anderson2, Tasha Epp2, Christopher Fernandez-Prada2, Emelia Wong Gordon2, Jean-Philippe Rocheleau2, Jason W. Stull2, Margo Vachon2, Scott Weese2, and Katie M. ClowComments to Author 
Author affiliation: University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (V.M. Leung, J. Chiasson, V. Patterson, A. Narasimhan, S. Weese, K.M. Clow); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness, Guelph (M.E.C. Anderson); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (T. Epp); University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (C. Fernandez-Prada, J.-P. Rocheleau); Haven Veterinary Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (E. Wong Gordon); University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (J.W. Stull); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M. Vachon)

Main Article

Table 3

Criteria for assigning an uncertainty estimate for available data for a qualitative risk assessment of infectious agents associated with canine importation into Canada, 2023–2024

Uncertainty estimate Interpretation
Low
 Reliable data available from ongoing national or sporadic research surveillance; strong evidence provided in multiple data sources and similar conclusions reported.
Moderate
 Some gaps in availability or reliability of data available (e.g., only case reports and gray literature); lack of surveillance data; evidence provided in multiple references and findings reported vary.
High Limited or lack of data or reliable information; evidence provided in veterinarian reports or subjective assessments; results based on limited consensus.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

2These authors are members of the expert consultation group and contributed equally to this article.

Page created: May 28, 2026
Page updated: July 09, 2026
Page reviewed: July 09, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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