Volume 9, Number 3—March 2003
Synopsis
Electron Microscopy for Rapid Diagnosis of Emerging Infectious Agents1
Figure 2
References
- Jackson RJ, Ramsay AR, Christensen CD, Beaton S, Hall DF, Ramshaw IA. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol. 2001;75:1205–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lane HC, LaMontagne J, Fauci AS. Bioterrorism: a clear and present danger. Nat Med. 2001;7:1271–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hay A. A magic sword or a big itch: an historical look at the United States biological weapons programme. Med Confl Surviv. 1999;15:215–34. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wetter DC, Daniell WE, Treser CD. Hospital preparedness for victims of chemical or biological terrorism. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:710–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lee KE, Umapathi T, Tan C-B, Tjia HT-L, Chua T-S, Oh HM-L, The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:428–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hazelton PR, Aoki FY, Hammond GW, Coombs KM, Dawood M. Identification of a proposed novel agent of viral gastroenteritis. 18th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Virology; 1999 Jul 10–14; Amherst, MA. Washington: American Society for Microbiology.
- Gelderblom HR, Hazelton PR. Specimen collection for electron microscopy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:433–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Krüger DH, Schneck P, Gelderblom HR. Sixty years ago: Helmut Ruska and the visualization of viruses. Lancet. 2000;355:1713–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nagler FPO, Rake G. The use of electron microscopy in diagnosis of variola, vaccinia and varicella. J Bacteriol. 1948;55:45–51.
- Van Rooyen CE, Scott MA. Smallpox diagnosis with special reference to electron microscopy. Can J Public Health. 1948;39:467–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brenner S, Horne RW. Negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1959;34:103–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol. 1972;10:1075–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Madeley CR, Cosgrove BP. 28 nm particles in faeces in infantile gastroenteritis. Lancet. 1975;2:451–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Biel SS, Gelderblom HR. Diagnostic electron microscopy is still a timely and rewarding method. J Clin Virol. 1999;13:105–19. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Plummer FA, Hammond GW, Forward K, Sekla L, Thompson LM, Jones SE, An erythema infectiosum-like illness caused by human parvovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:74–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses, 7th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000.
- Noel JS, Ando T, Leite JP, Green KY, Dingle KE, Estes MK, Correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 1990 to 1995. J Med Virol. 1997;53:372–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Green KY, Belliot G, Taylor JL, Valdesuso J, Lew JF, Kapikian AZ, A predominant role for Norwalk-like viruses as agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in Maryland nursing homes for the elderly. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:133–46. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hammond GW, Ahluwalia GS, Klisko B, Hazelton PR. Human rotavirus detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis versus enzyme immunoassay and electron microscopy after direct ultracentrifugation. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;19:439–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jiang X, Turf E, Hu J, Barrett E, Dai XM, Monroe S, Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in elderly nursing homes and retirement facilities associated with human caliciviruses. J Med Virol. 1996;50:335–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Puig M, Jofre J, Lucena F, Allard A, Wadell G, Girones R. Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted waters by nested PCR amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:2963–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Oberste SM, Maher K, Kilpatrick DR, Flemister MR, Brown BA, Pallansch MA. Typing of human enteroviruses by partial sequencing of VP1. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1288–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sakon N, Yamazaki K, Utagawa E, Okuno Y, Oishi I. Genomic characterization of human astrovirus type 6 Katano virus and the establishment of a rapid and effective reverse transcription-polymerse chain reaction to detect all serotypes of human astrovirus. J Med Virol. 2000;61:125–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ando T, Monroe SS, Gentsch JR, Jin Q, Lewis DC, Glass RI. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and southern hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:64–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vinjè J, Deijl H, van der Heide R, Lewis D, Hedlund K-O, Svensson L, Molecular detection and epidemiology of Sapporo-like viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:530–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gelderblom HR, Asjö B, Moore JP, Ho DD, Sandford J, Pauli G. (1994). Are clinical isolates morphologically different from laboratory strains of HIV? 10th Interntational Conference on AIDS. 1994; Yokohama. AIDS, Abstract PA0195, Vol. 2, Yokohama.
- Kapikian AZ, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH, Wyatt RG, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Detection and identification by immune electron microscopy of fastidious agents associated with respiratory illness, acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, and hepatitis A. Perspect Virol. 1975;9:9–47.
- Miller SE. Diagnosis of viral infections by electron microscopy. In: Lennette EH, Lennette ET, editors. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial and chlamydial infections. Washington: American Public Health Association; 1995. p. 37–78.
- Lew JF, LeBaron CW, Glass RI, Torok T, Griffin PM, Wells JG, Recommendations for collection of laboratory specimens associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(RR-14):1–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rodgers FG, Hufton P, Kurzawska E, Molloy C, Morgan S. Morphological response of human rotavirus to ultra-violet radiation, heat and disinfectants. J Med Microbiol. 1985;20:123–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Biel SS, Gelderblom HR. Electron microscopy of viruses. In: Cann A, editor. Virus cell culture—a practical approach. Oxford :Oxford University Press; 1999. p. 111–47.
- Hazelton PR, Meyer W, Fischer K, Hannan CK. The effect of electron microscope examination upon the survival of viruses and bacterial spores. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Biological Safety; 1987 May; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Long GW, Noble J, Murphy FA, Herrmann KL, Lourie B. Experience with electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of smallpox. Appl Microbiol. 1970;20:497–504.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hayat MA, Miller SE. Negative staining. New York: McGraw Hill; 1990.
- Gelderblom HR, Renz H, Özel M. Negative staining in diagnostic virology. Micron and Micropica Acta. 1991;22:435–47. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Aebi U, Pollard TD. A glow discharge unit to render electron microscope grids and other surfaces hydrophilic. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 1987;7:29–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lewis DC. Three serotypes of Norwalk-like virus demonstrated by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. J Med Virol. 1990;30:77–81. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Anderson N, Doane FW. Specific identification of enteroviruses by immuno-electron microscopy using a serum-in-agar diffusion method. Can J Microbiol. 1973;19:585–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hammond GW, Hazelton PR, Chuang I, Klisko B. Improved detection of viruses by electron microscopy after direct ultracentrifuge preparation of specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1981;14:210–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jansons J, Harnett GB, Bucens MR. Electron microscopy after direct ultracentrifugation. Pathology. 1985;17:29–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gelderblom H, Reupke H. Rapid viral diagnosis using the Airfuge. IV International Congress on Virology, The Hague. Abstract #W50A/9, p. 630.
- Abe K, Kurata T, Shidata T. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: visualization of virus-like particles from chimpanzee and human sera. Arch Virol. 1989;104:351–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Doane FW, Anderson N. Electron microscopy in diagnostic virology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1987.
- Gelderblom HR. Electron microscopy in diagnostic virology. BIOforum International. 2001;5:64–7.
- Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek J, Ladnyi LD. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988.
- Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Gold A, Gleeson L, Morbillivirus that causes fatal disease in horses and humans. Science. 1995;268:94–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Biel SS, Madeley D. Diagnostic virology—the need for electron microscopy: a discussion paper. J Clin Virol. 2001;22:1–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Utagawa ET, Nakazawa E, Matsuo K, Oishi I, Takeda N, Miyamura T. Application of an automated specimen search system installed in a transmission electron microscope for the detection of caliciviruses in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods. 2002;100:49–56. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schroeder JA, Voekl E, Hofstaedter F. Ultrastructural telepathology—remote EM diagnostic via internet. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2001;25:301–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: December 07, 2010
Page updated: December 07, 2010
Page reviewed: December 07, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.