Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 25, Number 4—April 2019
Research

Differences in Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic California Serogroup Viruses

Alyssa B. Evans, Clayton W. Winkler, and Karin E. PetersonComments to Author 
Author affiliations: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA

Main Article

Figure 1

Global distribution, phylogenetic relationship, and vectors and hosts of the 5 California serogroup (CSG) viruses included in study of neuropathogenesis of encephalitic CSG viruses. A) These viruses are found across the globe, primarily throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa (1,4,8,10,12–29). Several of these viruses have overlapping regions of distribution (as indicated by diagonal patterns), including in the United States, where LACV, SSHV, and JCV are all present, and Europe, wher

Figure 1. Global distribution, phylogenetic relationship, and vectors and hosts of the 5 California serogroup (CSG) viruses included in study of neuropathogenesis. A) These viruses are found across the globe, primarily throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa (1,4,8,10,12–29). Several of these viruses have overlapping regions of distribution (as indicated by diagonal patterns), including in the United States, where LACV, SSHV, and JCV are all present, and Europe, where TAHV and INKV are present. States and countries indicated have evidence of these viruses from reported human cases, serologic surveys of humans and animals, or isolation of virus from mosquitoes. B) Within these closely related CSG viruses, JCV and INKV are the most closely related, followed by LACV and SSHV, and then TAHV (30). The CSG viruses use a variety of mosquito vectors, primarily in the Aedes and Ochlerotatus genera. Listed are the most prominent vectors and additional genera the virus has been found in. Mammals implicated as reservoir or amplifying hosts are listed for each virus; some hosts are shared among several CSG viruses (1,2,12,22,31–33). INKV, Inkoo virus; JCV, Jamestown Canyon virus; LACV, La Crosse virus; SSHV, snowshoe hare virus; TAHV, Tahyna virus.

Main Article

References
  1. Drebot  MA. Emerging mosquito-borne bunyaviruses in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2015;41:117–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Hubálek  Z. Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol Res. 2008;103(Suppl 1):S29–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Putkuri  N, Kantele  A, Levanov  L, Kivistö  I, Brummer-Korvenkontio  M, Vaheri  A, et al. Acute human Inkoo and Chatanga virus infections, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:810–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. La Crosse encephalitis. Epidemiology and geographic distribution. 2018 Jan 25 [cited 2018 May 22]. https://www.cdc.gov/lac/tech/epi.html
  5. Gaensbauer  JT, Lindsey  NP, Messacar  K, Staples  JE, Fischer  M. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e642–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Lau  L, Wudel  B, Kadkhoda  K, Keynan  Y. Snowshoe hare virus causing meningoencephalitis in a young adult from northern Manitoba, Canada. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4:ofx150. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Kilian  P, Růzek  D, Danielová  V, Hypsa  V, Grubhoffer  L. Nucleotide variability of Tahyna virus (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) small (S) and medium (M) genomic segments in field strains differing in biological properties. Virus Res. 2010;149:119–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Pastula  DM, Hoang Johnson  DK, White  JL, Dupuis  AP II, Fischer  M, Staples  JE. Jamestown Canyon virus disease in the United States—2000–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93:384–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Pastula  DM, Smith  DE, Beckham  JD, Tyler  KL. Four emerging arboviral diseases in North America: Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika virus diseases. J Neurovirol. 2016;22:257–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Kosoy  O, Rabe  I, Geissler  A, Adjemian  J, Panella  A, Laven  J, et al. Serological survey for antibodies to mosquito-borne bunyaviruses among US National Park Service and US Forest Service employees. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016;16:191–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Monath  TP, Nuckolls  JG, Berall , Bauer  H, Chappell  WA, Coleman  PH. Studies on California encephalitis in Minnesota. Am J Epidemiol. 1970;92:40–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Putkuri  N, Vaheri  A, Vapalahti  O. Prevalence and protein specificity of human antibodies to Inkoo virus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:1555–62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Walters  LL, Tirrell  SJ, Shope  RE. Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:806–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Haddow  AD, Odoi  A. The incidence risk, clustering, and clinical presentation of La Crosse virus infections in the eastern United States, 2003-2007. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6145. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Clark  GG, Crabbs  CL, Watts  DM, Bailey  CL. An ecological study of Jamestown Canyon virus on the Delmarva Peninsula, with emphasis on its possible vector. J Med Entomol. 1986;23:588–99. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Boromisa  RD, Grimstad  PR. Virus-vector-host relationships of Aedes stimulans and Jamestown Canyon virus in a northern Indiana enzootic focus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35:1285–95. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Pinger  RR, Rowley  WA, Wong  YW, Dorsey  DC. Trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central Iowa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975;24:1006–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Heard  PB, Zhang  MB, Grimstad  PR. Isolation of Jamestown Canyon virus (California serogroup) from Aedes mosquitoes in an enzootic focus in Michigan. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1990;6:461–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Anderson  JF, Main  AJ, Armstrong  PM, Andreadis  TG, Ferrandino  FJ. Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003-2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:377–93. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. McFarlane  BL, Embil  JA, Artsob  H, Spence  L, Rozee  KR. Antibodies to the California group of arboviruses in the moose (Alces alces americana Clinton) population of Nova Scotia. Can J Microbiol. 1981;27:1219–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Berry  RL, Weigert  BJL, Calisher  CH, Parsons  MA, Bear  GT. Evidence for transovarial transmission of Jamestown Canyon virus in Ohio. Mosq News. 1977;37:494–6.
  22. Issel  CJ, Hoff  GL, Trainer  DO. Serologic evidence of infection of white-tailed deer in Texas with three California group arboviruses, (Jamestown Canyon, San Angelo, and Keystone). J Wildl Dis. 1973;9:245–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Tyers  D, Zimmer  J, Lewandowski  K, Hennager  S, Young  J, Pappert  R, et al. Serologic survey of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in the Greater Yellowstone Area for brucellosis, tularemia, and snowshoe hare virus. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51:769–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Campbell  GL, Eldridge  BF, Hardy  JL, Reeves  WC, Jessup  DA, Presser  SB. Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against California and Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;40:428–37. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Eldridge  BF, Calisher  CH, Fryer  JL, Bright  L, Hobbs  DJ. Serological evidence of California serogroup virus activity in Oregon. J Wildl Dis. 1987;23:199–204. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Issel  CJ, Trainer  DO, Thompson  WH. Serologic evidence of infections of white-tailed deer in Wisconsin with three California group arboviruses (La Crosse, trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972;21:985–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Srihongse  S, Grayson  MA, Deibel  R. California serogroup viruses in New York State: the role of subtypes in human infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:1218–27. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Walker  ED, Grayson  MA, Edman  JD. Isolation of Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses (California serogroup) from Aedes mosquitoes in western Massachusetts. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1993;9:131–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Jentes  ES, Robinson  J, Johnson  BW, Conde  I, Sakouvougui  Y, Iverson  J, et al. Acute arboviral infections in Guinea, West Africa, 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:388–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Hughes  HR, Lanciotti  RS, Blair  CD, Lambert  AJ. Full genomic characterization of California serogroup viruses, genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae including phylogenetic relationships. Virology. 2017;512:201–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Pantuwatana  S, Thompson  WH, Watts  DM, Hanson  RP. Experimental infection of chipmunks and squirrels with La Crosse and Trivittatus viruses and biological transmission of La Crosse virus by Aedes triseriatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972;21:476–81. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Artsob  H. Distribution of California serogroup viruses and virus infections in Canada. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983;123:277–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Andreadis  TG, Anderson  JF, Armstrong  PM, Main  AJ. Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997-2006. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8:175–88. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Kunz  C, Buckley  SM, Casals  J. Antibodies in man against Tahyna and Lumbo viruses determined by hemagglutination-inhibition and tissue-culture neutralization tests. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1964;13:738–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Sonnleitner  ST, Lundström  J, Baumgartner  R, Simeoni  J, Schennach  H, Zelger  R, et al. Investigations on California serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the Tyrols: first description of Tahyna virus in the Alps. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014;14:272–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Kuniholm  MH, Wolfe  ND, Huang  CYH, Mpoudi-Ngole  E, Tamoufe  U, LeBreton  M, et al. Seroprevalence and distribution of Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae arboviral infections in rural Cameroonian adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:1078–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Elliott  RM. Orthobunyaviruses: recent genetic and structural insights. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:673–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Blakqori  G, Delhaye  S, Habjan  M, Blair  CD, Sánchez-Vargas  I, Olson  KE, et al. La Crosse bunyavirus nonstructural protein NSs serves to suppress the type I interferon system of mammalian hosts. J Virol. 2007;81:4991–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Taylor  KG, Woods  TA, Winkler  CW, Carmody  AB, Peterson  KE. Age-dependent myeloid dendritic cell responses mediate resistance to la crosse virus-induced neurological disease. J Virol. 2014;88:11070–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Bennett  RS, Gresko  AK, Murphy  BR, Whitehead  SS. Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys. Virol J. 2011;8:135. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Bennett  RS, Nelson  JT, Gresko  AK, Murphy  BR, Whitehead  SS. The full genome sequence of three strains of Jamestown Canyon virus and their pathogenesis in mice or monkeys. Virol J. 2011;8:136. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Butchi  NB, Woods  T, Du  M, Morgan  TW, Peterson  KE. TLR7 and TLR9 trigger distinct neuroinflammatory responses in the CNS. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:783–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Winkler  CW, Myers  LM, Woods  TA, Messer  RJ, Carmody  AB, McNally  KL, et al. Adaptive immune responses to Zika virus are important for controlling virus infection and preventing infection in brain and testes. J Immunol. 2017;198:3526–35. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Bennett  RS, Cress  CM, Ward  JM, Firestone  CY, Murphy  BR, Whitehead  SS. La Crosse virus infectivity, pathogenesis, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys. Virol J. 2008;5:25. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Winkler  CW, Race  B, Phillips  K, Peterson  KE. Capillaries in the olfactory bulb but not the cortex are highly susceptible to virus-induced vascular leak and promote viral neuroinvasion. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;130:233–45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Winkler  CW, Myers  LM, Woods  TA, Carmody  AB, Taylor  KG, Peterson  KE. Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: March 18, 2019
Page updated: March 18, 2019
Page reviewed: March 18, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external