Volume 28, Number 3—March 2022
Research
Case–Control Study of Clostridium innocuum Infection, Taiwan
Yi-Ching Chen1, Yi-Chun Kuo1, Mi-Chi Chen, Young-Da Zhang, Chyi-Liang Chen, Puo-Hsien Le, and Cheng-Hsun Chiu
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and clinical diagnoses in 2 groups of patients by the infecting Clostridium species in case–control study of C. innocuum infection, Taiwan*
| Variable | Total, N = 456 | C. innocuum, n = 152 | Clostridioides difficile, n = 304 | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD)† |
66.7 (18.2) |
66.6 (18.3) |
66.7 (18.1) |
NA |
0.978 |
| Sex | |||||
| M | 266 (58.3) | 97 (63.8) | 169 (55.6) | 1.41 (0.94‒2.10) | 0.094 |
| F |
190 (41.7) |
55 (36.2) |
135 (44.4) |
0.71 (0.48‒1.06) |
0.094 |
| Hospitalization | 439 (96.2) | 142 (93.4) | 297 (97.7) | 0.34 (0.13‒0.90) | 0.03 |
| No. days, median (IQR, range)‡ | 22 (36, 0‒492) | 14 (33, 0‒492) | 26 (36, 0‒409) | NA | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)† | 6.1 (3.2) | 5.7 (3.2) | 6.2 (3.3) | NA | 0.100 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 135 (29.6) | 52 (34.2) | 83 (27.3) | 1.39 (0.91‒2.11) | 0.128 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 122 (26.8) | 28 (18.4) | 94 (30.9) | 0.50 (0.31‒0.81) | 0.005 |
| Congestive heart failure | 45 (9.9) | 12 (7.9) | 33 (10.9) | 0.70 (0.35‒1.40) | 0.315 |
| AIDS | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (1.0) | 0.66 (0.07‒6.44) | 0.724 |
| Solid tumor | 138 (30.3) | 42 (27.6) | 96 (31.6) | 0.83 (0.54‒1.27) | 0.387 |
| Initial ICU admission |
65 (14.3) |
36 (23.7) |
29 (9.5) |
2.94 (1.72‒5.03) |
<0.001 |
| Acquisition of infection | |||||
| Hospital acquired | 354 (77.6) | 101 (66.4) | 253 (83.2) | 0.40 (0.25‒0.63) | <0.001 |
| Community acquired |
102 (22.4) |
51 (33.6) |
51 (16.8) |
2.50 (1.60‒3.93) |
<0.001 |
| Clinical diagnosis | |||||
| Clostridium-associated diarrhea | 375 (82.2) | 96 (63.2) | 279 (91.8) | 0.15 (0.09‒0.26) | <0.001 |
| Extraintestinal clostridial infection | 81 (17.8) | 56 (36.8) | 25 (8.2) | 6.51 (3.85‒11.01) | <0.001 |
| Bacteremia | 8 (1.8) | 7 (4.6) | 1 (0.3) | 14.63 (1.78‒120.00) | 0.012 |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 31 (6.8) | 21 (13.8) | 10 (3.2) | 4.71 (2.16‒10.23) | <0.001 |
| Biliary tract infection | 4 (0.9) | 3 (2.0) | 1 (0.3) | 6.10 (0.63‒59.15) | 0.119 |
| Recurrent infection | 15 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 15 (4.9) | NA | NA |
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 36 (7.9) | 23 (15.1) | 13 (4.3) | 3.99 (1.96‒8.13) | <0.001 |
| Genital tract infection§ |
2 (0.4) |
2 (1.3) |
0 (0) |
NA |
NA |
| Complication | |||||
| Ileus | 34 (7.5) | 17 (11.2) | 17 (5.6) | 2.12 (1.05‒4.29) | 0.035 |
| Bowel perforation | 14 (3.0) | 11 (7.2) | 3 (1.0) | 7.83 (2.15‒28.50) | 0.002 |
| Hypovolemic or septic shock |
43 (9.4) |
22 (14.5) |
21 (6.9) |
2.28 (1.21‒4.30) |
0.011 |
| Mortality | |||||
| 30-day mortality | 81 (17.7) | 22 (14.5) | 59 (19.4) | 0.70 (0.41‒1.20) | 0.195 |
| 90-day mortality | 97 (21.3) | 24 (15.8) | 73 (24.0) | 0.59 (0.36‒0.99) | 0.045 |
| Overall mortality | 122 (26.7) | 35 (23.0) | 87 (28.6) | 0.77 (0.49‒1.21) | 0.264 |
*Values are no (%) except as indicated. p value of ORs was analyzed by univariate logistic regression. ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable for continuous variables or too few events (<5) to calculate a stable OR; OR, odds ratio. †By independent t test. ‡By Mann-Whitney test. §Two cases were diagnosed as pyospermia and bacterial vaginitis.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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Page updated: February 21, 2022
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