Volume 30, Number 8—August 2024
Research
Environmental Hot Spots and Resistance-Associated Application Practices for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, Denmark, 2020–2023
, Rasmus Krøger Hare, Karin Meinike Jørgensen, Ulla E. Bollmann, Tina B. Bech, Cecilie Cetti Hansen, Thies M. Heick, and Lise Nistrup Jørgensen
Table 1
Overview of Aspergillus fumigatus and ARAf showing total and TR34/L98H-related [TR34] and TR46/Y121F/T289A-related [TR46] isolates from the environment, Denmark, 2020–2022*
| Location (samples/sites), date | Samples, no. (%) |
Isolates of Af and ARAf |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. fumigatus | ARAf | TR34 | TR46 | Af, no. (no./sample) | ARAf, no. (%) |
TR34, no. (%) |
TR46, no. (%) |
||
| Field soil (84/7) | |||||||||
| Cereal and potato (44/5), 2020 | 43 (98) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | 2 | 318 (7.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | |
| Cereal (40/2), 2022 May–Sep |
40 |
8 (20) |
5 (13) |
1 (3) |
360 (9.0) |
10 (2.8) |
7 (1.9) |
1 (0.3) |
|
| Field air (63/3) | |||||||||
| Field air (26/1), 2020 | 23 (100) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (7.7) | 0 | 181 (7.0) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.7) | 0 | |
| Field air (37/2), 2021 |
35 (95) |
8 (21.6) |
5 (13.5) |
1 (2.7) |
273 (7.4) |
18 (6.6) |
14 (5.1) |
1 (0.4) |
|
| Vegetables (40/10), 2020 | |||||||||
| Potato-supermarkets (24/6) | 7 (29) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Potato-farm shop (8/2) | 8 (100) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) | 0 | 19 (2.4) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0 | |
| Potato-field (Flakkebjerg) (8/2) |
8 (100) |
2 (25) |
2 (25) |
0 |
127 (15.9) |
4 (3.1) |
4 (3.1) |
0 |
|
| Flower-producers soil (50/3), 2020 and 2021 | |||||||||
| Poinsettia (20/2), Campanula (10/1), 2020 | 30 (100) | 8 (27) | 6 (20) | 0 | 516 (17.2) | 13 (2.5) | 11 (2.1) | 0 | |
| Cactus (10/1), 2020 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 (20.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Poinsettia (10/1), 2021 |
10 (100) |
2 (20) |
2 (20) |
1 (10) |
289 (28.9) |
14† (4.8) |
10 (3.5) |
3 (1.0) |
|
| Flower-producers air (10/1), 2021 |
9 (90) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
24 (2.4) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Park & garden flowerbed soil (60/5), 2021 |
59 (98) |
18 (30) |
14 (23.3) |
4 (6.7) |
1,476 (24.6) |
52 (3.5) |
44 (3.0) |
8 (0.5) |
|
| Allotment near soil (14/14), 2021 | |||||||||
| Allotment houses (14)† |
14 (100) |
2 (14.3) |
2 (14.3) |
0 |
358 (25.6) |
4† (1.1) |
3 (0.8) |
0 |
|
| Compost related (20/3), 2022 | |||||||||
| Recycle soil from garden waste (5) | 5 (100) | 4 (80) | 4 (80) | 0 | 219 (43.8) | 6 (2.7) | 6 (2.7) | 0 | |
| Compost heap garden waste (10) | 10 (100)‡ | 5 (NP) | 5 (NP) | 4 (NP) | 12‡ (100) | 11 (92) | 7 (58) | 3 (25) | |
| Compost heap vegetable production (5) |
5 (100) |
5 (100) |
5 (100) |
3 (60) |
21§ (100) |
21 (100) |
17 (81) |
4 (19) |
|
| Manure heaps from horses (12/2), 2022 | |||||||||
| Center 1 (7), 2022 Feb | 5 | 3 (43) | 3 (43) | 0 | 54 ((7.7) | 14 (25.9) | 14 (25.9) | 0 | |
| Center 2 (5), 2022 Nov |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
19 (3.8) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Horse stable and beddings (13/1), 2022 | |||||||||
| Stable bedding with wheat (2) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Stable bedding with barley (3) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 33 (11) | 13 (39) | 12 (36) | 1 (3) | |
| Stable bedding with peat (2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 (2.5) | 2 (40) | 2 (40) | 0 | |
| Fresh wheat (2) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Fresh barley (2) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Fresh peat (2) |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Total (366) | 334 (91.0) | 73 (20.0) | 60 (16.0) | 15 (0.04) | 4,538 (12.4) | 188 (4.2) | 157 (3.5) | 21 (0.5) | |
*Darker red indicates increasing percentage. ARAf, azole-resistant A. fumigatus, NP, not possible to determine exact denominator because of uncountable number of colonies on the plate. †One ARAf from poinsettia harbored an Hmg1 F262-deletion and 1 from painted wood–related soil harbored an Hmg1 E306K alteration within the sterol- sensing domain. ‡Plates were massively overgrown by Mucorales spp. From 5 samples, it was possible to perform A. fumigatus PCR and direct target gene sequencing yielding TR34/L98H, TR46/Y121F/T289A, or both. §Of >200 resistant colonies per sample (growing on tebuconazole containing agars), 21 individual colonies were selected for susceptibility testing and target gene sequencing.