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Volume 31, Number 7—July 2025

CME ACTIVITY - Research

Multicenter Case–Control Study of Behavioral, Environmental, and Geographic Risk Factors for Talaromycosis, Vietnam

Lottie Brown1Comments to Author , Brian Jonat1, Vo Trieu Ly, Nguyen Le Nhu Tung, Pham Si Lam, Nguyen Tat Thanh, Dang Thi Ngoc Bich, Vu Phuong Thao, Nguyen Thi Mai Thu, Ngo Thi Hoa, and Thuy LeComments to Author 
Author affiliation: City St. George’s Hospital and St. George’s University, London, UK (L. Brown); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA (B. Jonat); Tropical Medicine Research Center for Talaromycosis, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (V.T. Ly, N.T. Hoa, T. Le); Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City (V.T. Ly, N.L.N. Tung); Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City (P.S. Lam, N.T. Thanh, N.T. Hoa); National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam (D.T.N. Bich); Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (V.P. Thao); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA (N.T.M. Thu, T. Le)

Main Article

Table 1

Thirteen predefined exposure variables in multicenter case–control study of behavioral, environmental, and geographic risk factors for talaromycosis, Vietnam

Exposure variable Definition
1. Antiretroviral therapy Current use of antiretroviral therapy
2. Antifungal prophylaxis Current use of antifungal prophylaxis
3. Cigarette smoking Current cigarette smoking
4. Injection drug use Current injection drug use
5. Outdoor occupations Current or previous job in construction, agriculture, gardening, or long-distance truck driving
6. Soil exposure Living within 100 meters of agricultural/industrial soil-excavation sites or direct occupational exposure to construction work, farming, soil digging, gardening, or rubbish collection
7. Natural water Living within 100 meters of or direct occupational exposure to river, lake, pond, canal, or ditch
8. Tropical plants Living within 100 meters of or direct occupational exposure to any type of bamboo, sugar cane, or rice
9. Highland plants Living within 100 meters of or direct occupational exposure to rubber, cashew, coffee, or tea
10. Bamboo rats Any direct contact or consumption with bamboo rats
11. Farming animals Direct occupational exposure to pigs, cows, chickens, or ducks
12. Domestic animals Frequent contact or caring of dogs, cats, birds, or fishes
13. Raw animal products Any consumption of uncooked meats, eggs, milk, or blood

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: June 23, 2025
Page updated: June 23, 2025
Page reviewed: June 23, 2025
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