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Volume 31, Number 7—July 2025

CME ACTIVITY - Research

Multicenter Case–Control Study of Behavioral, Environmental, and Geographic Risk Factors for Talaromycosis, Vietnam

Lottie Brown1Comments to Author , Brian Jonat1, Vo Trieu Ly, Nguyen Le Nhu Tung, Pham Si Lam, Nguyen Tat Thanh, Dang Thi Ngoc Bich, Vu Phuong Thao, Nguyen Thi Mai Thu, Ngo Thi Hoa, and Thuy LeComments to Author 
Author affiliation: City St. George’s Hospital and St. George’s University, London, UK (L. Brown); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA (B. Jonat); Tropical Medicine Research Center for Talaromycosis, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (V.T. Ly, N.T. Hoa, T. Le); Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City (V.T. Ly, N.L.N. Tung); Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City (P.S. Lam, N.T. Thanh, N.T. Hoa); National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam (D.T.N. Bich); Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (V.P. Thao); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA (N.T.M. Thu, T. Le)

Main Article

Table 2

Characteristics of participants in multicenter case–control study of behavioral, environmental, and geographic risk factors for talaromycosis, Vietnam*

Characteristic All patients, N = 610 Cases, n = 205 Controls, n = 405 p value†
Median age, y (IQR)
 34 (31–38)
 33 (30–38)
 34 (31–39)
 0.401
Sex
M 456 (74.8) 154 (75.1) 302 (74.6) 0.882
F
 154 (25.2)
 51 (24.9)
 103 (25.4)
Median CD4, cells/µL (IQR)
 16.5 (7.0–36.0), n = 194
 9.0 (5.0–18.8), n = 66
 25.5 (9.0–54.3), n = 128
 0.003
Median absolute lymphocyte, cells/µL (IQR)
 520 (300–750), n = 585
 410 (230–600), n = 197
 570 (380–810), n = 388
 0.184
WHO stage n = 606 n = 204 n = 402
1 3 (0.5) 0 3 (0.7)‡ 0.217
2 16 (2.6) 0 16 (4.0)‡ 0.004
3 146 (24.1) 0 146 (36.3)‡ <0.001
4
 441 (72.8)
 204 (100)
 237 (59.0)
 <0.001
Hospitalization status
Inpatient 573 (93.9) 205 (100) 368 (90.9) <0.001
Outpatient
 37 (6.1)
 0
 37 (9.1)
Concomitant opportunistic infections
Nontuberculosis pneumonia, including PcP 130 (21.3) 24 (11.7) 106 (26.2) <0.001
Oral/esophageal candidiasis 90 (14.8) 14 (6.8) 76 (18.8) <0.001
Tuberculosis 84 (13.8) 23 (11.2) 61 (15.1) 0.193
Cryptococcosis 45 (7.4) 0 45 (11.1) <0.001
Toxoplasmosis 40 (6.6) 1 (0.5) 39 (9.6) <0.001
Herpes simplex virus 12 (2.0) 3 (1.5) 9 (2.2) 0.524
AIDS-associated wasting syndrome 23 (3.8) 2 (1.0) 21 (5.2) 0.010
Other opportunistic infection 73 (12.0) 22 (10.7) 51 (12.6) 0.504
No opportunistic infection 66 (10.9) 0 66 (16.3) <0.001

*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. IQR, interquartile range; PcP, Pneumocystis pneumonia; WHO, World Health Organization. †χ2 test was used for categorical variables and 2-tailed Student t-test was used for continuous variables. ‡These control patients had CD4 counts or absolute lymphocyte counts in the same ranges as their matched case-patients.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: June 23, 2025
Page updated: June 23, 2025
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