Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.
Volume 31, Number 7—July 2025
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Multicenter Case–Control Study of Behavioral, Environmental, and Geographic Risk Factors for Talaromycosis, Vietnam
, Brian Jonat1, Vo Trieu Ly, Nguyen Le Nhu Tung, Pham Si Lam, Nguyen Tat Thanh, Dang Thi Ngoc Bich, Vu Phuong Thao, Nguyen Thi Mai Thu, Ngo Thi Hoa, and Thuy Le
Table 4
Case-to-control ratio and risk for talaromycosis per region in multicenter case–control study of behavioral, environmental, and geographic risk factors for talaromycosis, Vietnam*
| Region† | No. cases | No. controls | Case-to-control ratio | OR (95% CI)‡ | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mekong Delta | 17 | 69 | 0.25 | Referent | |
| HCMC | 60 | 185 | 0.32 | 1.31 (0.56–3.03) | 0.91 |
| Southeast | 68 | 78 | 0.87 | 3.42 (1.44–8.10) | 0.001 |
| South Central Coast | 6 | 5 | 1.20 | 8.76 (1.25–61.56) | 0.02 |
| Central Highlands |
24 |
11 |
2.18 |
11.36 (2.92–44.24) |
<0.0001 |
| Total | 175 | 348 | 0.5 |
*Conditional logistic regression analysis with the region as the only covariate was conducted to investigate whether participants residing in the highland regions were at greater risk for talaromycosis than were residents of the lowland regions of HCMC and the Mekong Delta. Pairwise comparisons between regions were adjusted for multiple comparisons using a parametric single-step method. HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City; OR, odds ratio. †Participants recruited in northern Vietnam were excluded from this geographic analysis because of the later start date and, hence, a smaller number of patients in northern regions were recruited. ‡OR is based on conditional logistic regression. p values are multiplicity-adjusted for pair-wise comparisons between all regions. Comparisons to the Mekong Delta are shown above. The remaining pair-wise comparisons are comparisons to HCMC: Southeast OR 2.62 (1.41–4.85); p = 0.0003; South Central Coast OR 6.71 (1.04–43.45); p = 0.04; Central Highlands OR 8.70 (2.61–28.97); p<0.0001. Comparisons to Southeast: South Central Coast OR 2.57 (0.40–16.52); p = 0.63; Central Highlands OR 3.32 (0.98–11.26); p = 0.06. Comparison to Central Highlands: South Central Coast OR 0.77 (0.12 – 5.06); p = 1.00.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.