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Volume 31, Number 7—July 2025
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Multicenter Case–Control Study of Behavioral, Environmental, and Geographic Risk Factors for Talaromycosis, Vietnam
, Brian Jonat1, Vo Trieu Ly, Nguyen Le Nhu Tung, Pham Si Lam, Nguyen Tat Thanh, Dang Thi Ngoc Bich, Vu Phuong Thao, Nguyen Thi Mai Thu, Ngo Thi Hoa, and Thuy Le
Table 3
Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis of risk factors for talaromycosis in multicenter case–control study of behavioral, environmental, and geographic risk factors for talaromycosis, Vietnam*
| Exposure covariate | All patients, N = 610 | Cases, n = 205 | Controls, n = 405 |
Univariate effect |
Multivariate effect |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||||
| Antiretroviral therapy |
250/610 (41.0) |
72/205 (35.1) |
178/405 (44.0) |
0.68 (0.47–0.97) |
0.04 |
0.75 (0.50–1.13) |
0.17 |
|
| Fluconazole prophylaxis |
61/596 (10.2) |
15/198 (7.6) |
46/398 (11.6) |
0.59 (0.31–1.11) |
0.10 |
0.68 (0.35–1.34) |
0.27 |
|
| Cigarette smoking |
413/610 (67.7) |
130/205 (63.4) |
283/405 (69.9) |
0.65 (0.42–1.01) |
0.06 |
0.71 (0.43–1.18) |
0.19 |
|
| Injection drug use |
232/610 (38.0) |
71/205 (34.6) |
161/405 (39.8) |
0.79 (0.54–1.15) |
0.21 |
0.85 (0.54–1.35) |
0.50 |
|
| Outdoor occupation |
263/610 (43.1) |
100/205 (48.8) |
163/405 (40.2) |
1.47 (1.03–2.09) |
0.04 |
1.23 (0.81–1.87) |
0.34 |
|
| Soil exposure |
409/610 (67.0) |
143/205 (69.8) |
266/405 (65.7) |
1.22 (0.85–1.75) |
0.29 |
1.06 (0.69–1.63) |
0.80 |
|
| Natural water exposure |
285/610 (46.7) |
90/205 (43.9) |
195/405 (48.1) |
0.83 (0.58–1.19) |
0.31 |
0.76 (0.51–1.13) |
0.18 |
|
| Tropical plant exposure |
218/610 (35.7) |
90/205 (43.9) |
128/405 (31.6) |
1.75 (1.22–2.56) |
0.002 |
1.84 (1.17–2.90) |
0.008 |
|
| Highland plant exposure |
49/610 (8.0) |
25/205 (12.2) |
24/405 (5.9) |
2.25 (1.24–4.01) |
0.008 |
1.71 (0.86–3.41) |
0.13 |
|
| Bamboo rat exposure or consumption |
6/610 (1.0) |
3/205 (1.5) |
3/405 (0.7) |
2.00 (0.40–9.91) |
0.40 |
1.71 (0.33–8.87) |
0.53 |
|
| Farming animal exposure |
93/610 (15.2) |
40/205 (19.5) |
53/405 (13.1) |
1.60 (1.02–2.51) |
0.04 |
2.03 (1.18–3.49) |
0.010 |
|
| Domestic animal exposure |
170/610 (27.9) |
57/205 (27.8) |
113/405 (27.9) |
1.01 (0.67–1.51) |
0.97 |
1.39 (0.87–2.22) |
0.17 |
|
| Raw animal product consumption | 411/610 (67.4) | 132/205 (64.4) | 279/405 (68.9) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 0.28 | 0.91 (0.60–1.37) | 0.64 | |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. OR is based on conditional logistic regression. Multivariate analysis is a complete case analysis excluding 7 cases and 7 controls with missing fluconazole prophylaxis data. A p value <0.05 is considered statistically significant and highlighted in bold. For definitions of exposure covariates, refer to Table 1. OR, odds ratio.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.