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Volume 32, Number 3—March 2026

Research

Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal Salmonella in Children, Kenya, 2017–2018

Aslam KhanComments to Author , Polina Kamenskaya, Izabela Rezende, Francis M. Mutuku, Bryson Ndenga, Zainab Jembe, Priscilla Maina, Philip Chebii, Charles Ronga, Victoria Okuta, Denise O. Garrett, Donal Bisanzio, Kristen Aiemjoy, Jason R. Andrews, A. Desiree LaBeaud1, and Richelle Charles1
Author affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA (A. Khan, I. Rezende, J.R. Andrews, D. LaBeaud); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (P. Kamenskaya, R. Charles); Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya (F.M. Mutuku); Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya (B. Ndenga, C. Ronga, V. Okuta); Msambweni County Referral Hospital, Msambweni, Kenya (Z. Jembe, P. Maina, P. Chebii); Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA (D.O. Garrett); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA (D. Bisanzio); University of California, Davis, California, USA (K. Aiemjoy); Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (K. Aiemjoy); Harvard Medical School, Boston (R. Charles); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (R. Charles)

Main Article

Table

Characteristics of study sites and participants in study of typhoidal Salmonella in children, Kenya, 2017–2018*

Characteristic Study site
 Overall, n = 1,408
Kisumu, n = 323 Chulaimbo, n = 323 Ukunda, n = 299 Msambweni, n = 473
Sex
F 173 (54) 146 (45) 166 (56) 225 (48) 719 (51)
M
 150 (46)
 177 (55)
 133 (44)
 248 (52)
 689 (49)
Age, y
2–5 32 (10) 27 (8) 20 (7) 47 (10) 126 (9)
6–10 140 (44) 146 (46) 138 (46) 227 (48) 651 (46)
11–18 147 (46) 145 (46) 141 (47) 199 (42) 632 (45)
Median (IQR)
 10.2 (7.8–12.6)
10.7 (7.8–13.5)
 10.5 (7.93–13.1)
 10.9 (7.9–13.6)
 10.6 (7.8–13.1)
Piped water, n = 1,382 300/303 (>99) 80/300 (26) 275/299 (92) 71/480 (14) 656 (47)
Latrine access, n = 1,371 301/301 (100) 294/300 (98) 296/297 (>99) 193/473 (41) 1,084 (79)
Location West West Coast Coast

*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. IQR, interquartile range.

Main Article

1These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: February 13, 2026
Page updated: March 20, 2026
Page reviewed: March 20, 2026
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