Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014
Research
Bovine Leukemia Virus DNA in Human Breast Tissue
, Hua Min Shen, Hanne M. Jensen, K. Yeon Choi1, Dejun Sun, and Gerard Nuovo
Table 1
Lack of cross-reactivity of primers from 5 BLV genome regions with representatives of mammalian and avian retrovirus subfamilies and human exogenous and endogenous viruses previously identified in human breast tissue*
| Virus | Subfamily | Cell line harboring virus (source†) | Nested liquid-phase PCR for BLV genome regions |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTR | gag | pol | env | tax | |||
| RSV | Alpharetrovirus | XC, rat cell line, transformed with RSV (CCL/NBRL) | – | – | – | – | – |
| MSV | Alpharetrovirus | F81, cat cell line, MSV infected (CCL/NBRL) | – | – | – | – | – |
| MMTV | Betaretrovirus | GR, mouse mammary tumor cell line (G. Firestone) | – | – | – | – | – |
| MPMV | Betaretrovirus | CMMT, rhesus monkey cell line (CCL/NBRL) | – | – | – | – | – |
| MuLV | Gammaretrovirus | JLSV5, mouse cell line (CCL/NBRL 14) | – | – | – | – | – |
| FeLV | Gammaretrovirus | FeLV 3281, cat cell line (CCL/NBRL) | – | – | – | – | – |
| BLV | Deltaretrovirus | FLK cell line (K. Radke) | + | + | + | + | + |
| Bat2Clone6 cell line, BLV infected (K. Radke) | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| None | Tb1Lu, parental line of Bat2Clone6 before it was infected with BLV (K. Radke) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| STLV | Deltaretrovirus | KIA, baboon cell line (ARRRP) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HTLV-1 | Deltaretrovirus | MT2, human lymphocyte cell line (C. Hanson) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HTLV-2 | Deltaretrovirus | Clone 19, human lymphocyte cell line (C. Hanson) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HIV-1 | Lentivirus | H9, human cell line, HIV-1 infected (C. Hanson) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HIV-2 | Lentivirus | H9, human cell line, HIV-2 infected (C. Hanson) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HPV-16 | Papillomavirus | Caski, human uterine cervix cell line (ATCC) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HPV-18 | Papillomavirus | HeLa, human uterine cervix cell line (CCL/NBRL) | – | – | – | – | – |
| EBV | Gamma-1 herpesvirus | Raji, human B-cell line (ATCC) | – | – | – | – | – |
| HERV-K | HERV, Class II | MCF-7, human breast cell line (ATCC) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Purified, cloned HERV-K DNA (F. Wang-Johanning) | – | – | – | – | – | ||
*In addition to assurances from the sources of the above biologicals, presence of the viruses in the respective cell lines was supported by rescue/syncytia formation when cell lines with replication defective viruses (RSV and MSV) were co-infected with replication competent retroviruses; positive reaction with primers specific for the virus (BLV, HTLV-1, -2, EBV, HPV-16); reaction with antibodies to the respective virus (MMTV, MMPV, MuLV); or receipt as formalin-fixed specimen so virus could not have been altered or lost (HIV-1, -2). BLV, bovine leukemia virus; LTR, long terminal repeat (promoter region); gag, group-specific antigen (capsid region); pol, polymerase (reverse transcription); env, envelope; tax, trans-activating region of the X gene; RSV, Rous sarcoma virus; MSV, murine sarcoma virus; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus; MPMV, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus; MuLV, murine leukemia virus; FeLV, feline leukemia virus; FLK, fetal lamb kidney; STLV, simian T-cell leukemia virus; HTLV, human T-cell leukemia virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HERV, human endogenous retrovirus.
†Individually named sources listed in Acknowledgments. CCL/NBRL, former Cell Culture Laboratory of the Naval Bioscience Research Laboratory, Oakland, CA, USA; ARRRP, AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (www.aidsreagent.org); ATCC, American Type Culture Collection.
1Current affiliation: Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA.