Volume 26, Number 1—January 2020
Research
Risk Factors for and Seroprevalence of Tickborne Zoonotic Diseases among Livestock Owners, Kazakhstan
Jennifer R. Head
, Yekaterina Bumburidi, Gulfaira Mirzabekova, Kumysbek Rakhimov, Marat Dzhumankulov, Stephanie J. Salyer, Barbara Knust, Dmitriy Berezovskiy, Mariyakul Kulatayeva, Serik Zhetibaev, Trevor Shoemaker, William L. Nicholson, and Daphne Moffett
, Yekaterina Bumburidi, Gulfaira Mirzabekova, Kumysbek Rakhimov, Marat Dzhumankulov, Stephanie J. Salyer, Barbara Knust, Dmitriy Berezovskiy, Mariyakul Kulatayeva, Serik Zhetibaev, Trevor Shoemaker, William L. Nicholson, and Daphne Moffett
Table 5
Comparison of participant knowledge of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever between CCHF-endemic villages and non–CCHF-endemic villages, Kazakhstan*
| No. participants† | % Participants (95% CI) | No. participants† | % Participants (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heard of CCHF | 420 | 95.6 (93.8–99.9) | 371 | 2.0 (61.7–79.3) | <0.001 | |
| Source* | n = 420 | n = 371 | ||||
| Village, community meetings | 262 | 62.1 (28.0–87.3) | 110 | 46.9 (16.2–80.1) | ||
| School | 77 | 18.9 (8.8–35.9) | 25 | 4.1 (1.5–11.1) | ||
| Television | 196 | 60.5 (42.7–75.9) | 333 | 87.4 (77.9–93.2) | ||
| Radio | 34 | 8.1 (3.7–16.7) | 10 | 2.1 (0.7–6.1) | ||
| Newspaper, magazine | 153 | 43.6 (28.7–59.6) | 117 | 32.7 (25.1–41.3) | ||
| Pamphlets | 240 | 72.5 (51.2–86.9) | 248 | 79.5 (61.7–90.3) | ||
| Posters | 225 | 69.6 (43.8–87.0) | 185 | 66.1 (45.9–81.8) | ||
| Education campaign | 18 | 4.0 (1.3–11.4) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Training course | 3 | 90.6 (0.1–3.4) | 7 | 2.8 (0.9–8.6) | ||
| Healthcare worker | 329 | 89.0 (78.8–94.6) | 175 | 62.0 (31.2–85.5) | ||
| Know someone with CCHF | 12 | 3.2 (1.2–8.5) | 30 | 4.7 (3.1–7.0) | ||
| Other, friend, family member |
8 |
2.2 (0.7–6.9) |
1 |
1.0 (0.2–5.5) |
||
| Transmission | ||||||
| Tick bite | 415 | 99.6 (98.5–99.9) | 367 | 99.4 (97.8–99.9) | ||
| Mosquito bite | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Flea bite | 5 | 0.05 (0–0.4) | 3 | 0.4 (0.1–2.7) | ||
| Crushing tick with bare hands | 218 | 53.8 (21.4–83.3) | 96 | 31.3 (15.5–53.0) | ||
| Contact with blood from an infected animal | 50 | 9.10 (3.5–21.7) | 91 | 21.0 (7.1–48.1) | ||
| Contact with birthing tissue of infected animal | 16 | 2.0 (0.6–6.4) | 66 | 16.1 (5.1–40.7) | ||
| Eating or touching raw meat of infected animal | 12 | 1.3 (0.4–4.5) | 49 | 12.4 (4.1–32.0) | ||
| Contact with blood from infected human | 186 | 41.6 (28.2–56.3) | 183 | 45.0 (30.2–60.9) | ||
| Contact with persons sick with CCHF | 135 | 37.8 (19.3–60.6) | 204 | 67.9 (47.3–83.3) | ||
| Unpasteurized milk | 7 | 0.3 (0.1–1.7) | 10 | 1.9 (0.5–7.3) | ||
| Correctly identified >1 transmission route |
413 |
99.6 (98.5–99.9) |
367 |
99.6 (97.8–99.9) |
0.90 |
|
| High-risk activities | ||||||
| Working with livestock | 386 | 94.7 (86.6–98.0) | 168 | 52.8 (30.4–74.1) | ||
| Gardening or fieldwork | 144 | 50.1 (27.5–72.7) | 89 | 30.4 (17.0–48.2) | ||
| Being in a woody area | 115 | 30.6 (13.0–56.5) | 152 | 55.1 (33.6–74.9) | ||
| Crushing ticks with bare hands | 261 | 62.2 (30.8–85.8) | 132 | 39.3 (26.4–53.9) | ||
| Shearing animals | 231 | 53.7 (29.0–76.7) | 102 | 37.2 (18.4–60.7) | ||
| Butchering meat | 79 | 16.7 (7.4–33.6) | 50 | 14.7 (5.0–35.9) | ||
| Working in healthcare | 67 | 14.3 (5.6–31.8) | 51 | 6.4 (4.1–9.7) | ||
| Slaughtering animals | 35 | 7.5 (3.8–14.3) | 17 | 4.1 (1.6–10.2) | ||
| Being a veterinarian | 120 | 28.5 (12.7–52.1) | 76 | 29.1 (11.2–57.2) | ||
| Contact with sick humans | 222 | 55.2 (33.8–74.8) | 266 | 77.8 (66.6–86.1) | ||
| Don’t know | 9 | 0.8 (0.2–3.0) | 2 | 0.04 (0–0.3) | ||
| Correctly identified at >1 high-risk activity |
378 |
95.8 (89.8–98.3) |
248 |
75.9 (49.1–91.1) |
0.001 |
|
| Signs and symptoms in humans | ||||||
| Fever | 398 | 96.8 (92.7–98.6) | 312 | 93.0 (79.4–97.8) | ||
| Headache | 302 | 74.5 (44.0–91.6) | 297 | 88.7 (71.0–96.2) | ||
| Nausea, vomiting | 183 | 55.8 (36.8–73.2) | 86 | 25.0 (13.8–41.1) | ||
| Diarrhea | 75 | 22.4 (12.4–37.2) | 59 | 20.3 (11.6–33.3) | ||
| Muscle pain | 190 | 48.0 (26.1–70.6) | 81 | 19.3 (8.5–38.1) | ||
| Joint pain | 222 | 59.8 (46.3–72.1) | 158 | 47.6 (32.7–62.9) | ||
| Fatigue | 224 | 66.3 (52.8–77.6) | 240 | 66.0 (51.5–77.9) | ||
| Cough, respiratory involvement | 53 | 12.9 (5.1–29.0) | 26 | 5.6 (1.3–21.6) | ||
| Congestion | 110 | 27.2 (14.6–44.8) | 15 | 4.5 (1.4–13.4) | ||
| Bruising | 115 | 27.7 (15.2–45.1) | 59 | 10.1 (4.4–21.4) | ||
| Bleeding, hemorrhage | 251 | 57.2 (42.6–70.7) | 129 | 26.4 (15.3–41.7) | ||
| Red eyes | 55 | 14.1 (7.5–24.9) | 6 | 0.6 (0.2–2.3) | ||
| Coma | 21 | 4.6 (2.1–10.0) | 3 | 0.3 (0.1–1.7) | ||
| Death | 73 | 17.0 (6.8–36.4) | 13 | 1.2 (0.3–4.7) | ||
| Don’t know | 19 | 1.5 (0.5–4.6) | 10 | 0.7 (0.1–3.9) | ||
| Correctly identified >1 symptom in humans |
395 |
98.0 (94.6–99.3) |
346 |
97.0 (90.6–99.1) |
0.57 |
|
| Signs and symptoms in animals | ||||||
| None (correct response) | 69 | 20.0 (3.4–64.0) | 35 | 16.0 (2.0–64.3) | 0.84 | |
| Fever | 149 | 36.5 (10.5–73.9) | 203 | 44.0 (14.9–78.0) | ||
| Aggression, agitation | 64 | 13.3 (4.7–32.6) | 130 | 31.1 (10.3–63.8) | ||
| Vomiting | 84 | 27.2 (7.1–64.6) | 30 | 7.0 (1.3–30.9) | ||
| Lethargy | 87 | 23.0 (6.6–56.0) | 151 | 28.5 (10.2–58.3) | ||
| Abortion, stillbirth | 77 | 20.5 (6.1–50.4) | 46 | 9.8 (2.7–29.9) | ||
| Reduced appetite | 75 | 22.1 (6.3–54.4) | 145 | 33.0 (11.8–64.3) | ||
| Hair loss | 60 | 16.3 (4.6–44.0) | 34 | 7.2 (1.5–28.5) | ||
| Weight loss | 55 | 15.3 (4.2–42.3) | 38 | 6.6 (1.3–26.6) | ||
| Reduced milk production | 54 | 15.7 (4.8–41.0) | 26 | 5.0 (1.3–17.5) | ||
| Respiratory problems | 29 | 7.7 (2.4–21.8) | 18 | 2.2 (0.5–9.4) | ||
| Bleeding, hemorrhage | 52 | 11.1 (3.6–28.9) | 47 | 9.4 (3.2–24.7) | ||
| Eye problems | 13 | 3.1 (0.6–15.2) | 3 | 0.3 (0.04–2.7) | ||
| Death | 12 | 1.3 (0.4–3.8) | 2 | 0.2 (0.04–1.1) | ||
| Don’t know | 71 | 13.8 (5.4–30.7) | 2 | 1.0 (0.2–5.4) | ||
*>1 response possible in each category. CCHF, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
†Percentage weighted by calculating the inverse probability of selection and applying a post-stratification adjustment to each stratum to account for nonresponses.
Page created: December 18, 2019
Page updated: December 18, 2019
Page reviewed: December 18, 2019
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