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Volume 26, Number 1—January 2020
Research

Risk Factors for and Seroprevalence of Tickborne Zoonotic Diseases among Livestock Owners, Kazakhstan

Jennifer R. HeadComments to Author , Yekaterina Bumburidi, Gulfaira Mirzabekova, Kumysbek Rakhimov, Marat Dzhumankulov, Stephanie J. Salyer, Barbara Knust, Dmitriy Berezovskiy, Mariyakul Kulatayeva, Serik Zhetibaev, Trevor Shoemaker, William L. Nicholson, and Daphne Moffett
Author affiliations: Association of Schools and Programs for Public Health, Washington, DC, USA (J.R. Head); Public Health Institute, San Francisco, California, USA (J.R. Head); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J.R. Head, S.J. Salyer, B. Knust, T. Shoemaker, W.L. Nicholson); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Almaty, Kazakhstan (Y. Bumburidi, D. Berezovskiy, D. Moffett); Zhambyl Oblast Public Health Protection Department, Taraz, Kazakhstan (G. Mirzabekova, K. Rakhimov); Zhambyl Oblast Health Department, Taraz (M. Dzhumankulov); Zhambyl Oblast Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise Center, Taraz (M. Kulatayeva, S. Zhetibaev)

Main Article

Table 6

Characteristics of persons seropositive for 3 tickborne diseases, Kazakhstan*

Characteristics CCHF (17/914)
Lyme (27/911)
Q fever (11/910)
Median IQR
Range Median IQR
Range Median
IQR
Range
Age, y 54.0 42.0–58.0 21.0–68.0 40.0 32.0–46.5 23.0–76.0 50.0 36.5–56.5 25.0–72.0
Household size 6.1 4.7–6.7 3.9–13.3 5.2 4.1–6.6 2.8–12.4 5.2 4.9–6.2 4.7–13.3
Land ownership, ha
0.15
0.12–0.20
0.01–5.0

0.2
0.13–0.25
0.03–9.0

0.2
0.1–0.3
0–5
Animals owned, no.
Ovine 7.0 0–20.0 0–200 15.0 6.0–29.5 0–127 13.0 1.0–39.5 0–105
Bovine 2.0 2.0–5.1 0–8.0 2.0 2.0–4.0 0–10 3.0 2.5–4.0 0–12
Poultry 0 0–3.0 0–23 0 0–7.5 0–32 0 0–11 0–34
Equids 0
0
0–2.0

0
0–1.5
0–15

0
0–1.5
0–6

No. persons
% Persons (95% CI)
No. persons
% Persons (95% CI)
No. persons
% Persons (95% CI)
Total
17
1.2 (0.5–2.7)

27
2.4 (1.2–4.6)

11
1.3 (0.3–5.0)
Village type
CCHF-endemic 11 3.4 (1.7–6.4) 13 2.0 (0.7–5.9) 3 0.1 (0.02–0.9)
Non–CCHF-endemic
6
0.9 (0.3–2.7)

14
2.5 (1.1–5.2)

8
1.5 (0.4–5.9)
Sex
M 10 70.8 (31.9–92.6) 18 70.1 (42.5–88.2) 5 35.4 (26.8–44.9)
F
7
29.2 (7.4–68.1)

9
29.9 (11.8–57.5)

6
64.6 (55.1–73.1)
Country of origin
Kazakhstan 14 70.3 (24.6–94.5) 24 89.1 (42.8–98.9) 7 96.7 (46.8–99.9)
Russia 2 10.5 (1.6–45.4) 1 0.2 (0–2.3) 4 3.3 (0.1–53.2)
Turkey 0 0 1 0.1 (0–0.7) 0 0
Other
1
19.1 (1.7–75.6)

1
10.7 (1.0–57.7)

0
0
Occupation
Farmer, herder, animal tender 2 24.2 (3.6–73.5) 5 27.2 (6.0–68.6) 1 1.0 (0–36.6)
Gardener, fieldworker 0 0 1 0.2 (0–2.3) 0 0
Healthcare worker 1 3.2 (0.3–28.3) 1 4.4 (0.4–34.2) 1 7.3 (0.1–81.4)
Veterinarian 0 0 1 0.1 (0–0.7) 0
Office, indoor worker 1 5.4 (0.6–34.2) 7 32.1 (7.0–74.7) 1 7.3 (0.1–81.4)
Family or household caretaker 3 11.4 (2.9–35.7) 3 0.9 (0.1–7.4) 4 53.7 (17.8–86.1)
Student 0 0 0 0 0 0
Retired 5 13.6 (3.8–38.7) 2 10.2 (1.1–54.4) 1 1.3 (0–43.9)
Unemployed 4 40.0 (9.8–80.3) 4 20.6 (5.1–55.4) 0 0
Other
1
2.2 (0.2–17.9)

3
4.4 (1.2–14.9)

3
29.5 (14.8–50.2)
Education level
None 1 0.02 (0–0.2) 0 0 1 0.5 (0–14.0)
Elementary school 0 0 0 0 0 0
Middle school 5 53.9 (18.4–85.8) 10 35.8 (9.6–74.7) 4 87.4 (19.0–99.5)
High school 3 10.9 (2.6–36.4) 5 4.1 (1.0–15.8) 2 10.2 (0.3–80.4)
Vocational school 1 0.9 (0.1–8.3) 1 1.1 (0.1–9.2) 1 0.5 (0–14.0)
College
7
34.3 (8.4–74.8)

11
58.9 (25.0–86.0)

2
1.0 (0–18.9)
Monthly income, US $
<60 0 0 1 2.6 (0.2–23.4) 2 1.0 (0–38.9)
61–150 10 53.7 (17.5–86.3) 9 26.9 (5.9–68.5) 3 31.0 (16.9–49.9)
151–300 4 35.0 (7.5–78.0) 11 55.2 (20.0–85.9) 1 7.3 (0.1–81.4)
301–450 1 0.5 (0.1–5.3) 1 0.6 (0.1–5.2) 1 0.3 (0–9.3)
451–600 0 1 0.6 (0.1–5.2) 0 0
Don’t know, refused
2
10.9 (1.2–55.8)

4
14.0 (2.2–54.2)

3
60.3 (41.6–76.4)
Length of time in village
Whole life 15 76.9 (27.0–96.8) 23 76.9 (27.0–96.8) 6 42.2 (14.6–75.7)
>5 y 1 4.0 (0.3–33.6) 1 4.0 (0.3–33.7) 1 52.5 (16.1–86.5)
4 mo–5 y 1 19.1 (1.8–75.6) 2 19.1 (1.8–75.6) 3 2.3 (0–60.1)
2–<4 mo
0
0

0
0

1
2.9 (0–65.7)
Activities participated in during lifetime
Herding animals 8 28.9 (10.6–58.1) 10 17.7 (3.9–53.1) 4 34.4 (26.3–43.6)
Assisting with animal births 6 31.8 (6.7–75.2) 7 5.8 (1.5–20.6) 4 9.1 (0.3–79.0)
Shearing animals 5 12.6 (3.7–35.2) 13 27.9 (9.7–58.3) 6 35.9 (26.8–46.1)
Milking animals 8 28.3 (8.0–64.1) 9 22.0 (5.7–56.8) 4 15.6 (0.3–92.8)
Slaughtering animals 6 35.6 (7.9–78.1) 9 19.5 (4.6–54.6) 5 34.9 (26.5–44.5)
Butchering, handling raw meat 5 34.7 (7.5–77.9) 11 33.3 (9.8–69.6) 5 30.6 (16.3–49.9)
Eating raw meat 0 0 0 0 0 0
Handling ticks with bare hands 0 0 4 1.2 (0.2–7.1) 0 0
Having tick on body 0 0 0 0 0 0
Working in healthcare 0 0 1 4.4 (0.4–34.2) 0 0
Working in garden† 1 2.2 (0.2–17.9) 3 10.0 (1.0–54.6) 3 1.6 (0.1–33.1)
Consuming unpasteurized dairy† 0 0 0 0 0 0
>1 high risk activity
15
90.9 (60.3–98.5)

21
53.5 (18.6–85.1)

9
46.2 (14.0–81.9)
Activities without personal protective equipment‡
Birthing animals 1 8.3 (0.7–55.0) 2 73.6 (25.4–93.8) 0 0
Shearing animals 1 6.7 (0.4–54.8) 0 0 0 0
Milking animals 1 2.3 (0.2–24.0) 2 39.7 (3.6–92.8) 0 0
Slaughtering animals
4
83.3 (20.9–98.9)

3
14.0 (1.7–61.0)

2
77.3 (42.0–99.6)
Illness with hemorrhaging and fever, ever 0
0
0
0
1
0.5 (0–14.0)

*CCHF, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever.
†Not considered a high-risk activity.
‡No. participants who participated in this activity at any time.

Main Article

Page created: December 18, 2019
Page updated: December 18, 2019
Page reviewed: December 18, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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