Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research
Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Resistance to Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens, Canada, 2013–2019
Figure 3

Figure 3. Mean antimicrobial use among broiler chicken flocks by bacterial species and route of administration, Canada, 2013–2019. A) Salmonella; B) Escherichia coli; C) Campylobacter. Route of administration in each panel: top, in ovo or subcutaneous injections; middle, water; bottom, feed. Arrows represent directionality of the antimicrobial use change from 2013 (gray) to 2019 (blue) of each antimicrobial class. Asterisks indicate p<0.05 as determined by a generalized mixed-effects model, including year as fixed effects and flock and veterinarian identification as random effects. AGL, aminoglycoside; BAC, bacitracin; CC, chemical coccidiostats; FFL, flavophospholipid; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LINC, lincomycin; LNCACL, lincosamides; MACR, macrolide; ORTH, orthomycin; PEN, penicillin; STRGR, streptogramin; TET, tetracycline; TMS, trimethropim/sulfonamides; 3GC, third-generation cephalosporin.