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Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research

Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Resistance to Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens, Canada, 2013–2019

Laura HuberComments to Author , Agnes Agunos, Sheryl P. Gow, Carolee A. Carson, and Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Author affiliations: Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (L. Huber); ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (L. Huber, T.P. Van Boeckel); Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (A. Agunos, C.A. Carson); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.P. Gow); Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, USA (T.P. Van Boeckel)

Main Article

Table 1

Incidence rate ratio of Salmonella nC from LASSO-penalized generalized mixed-effects Poisson model in a study of antimicrobial use and in broiler chickens, Canada, 2013–2019*

Variable Incidence rate ratio 2.5% CI 97.5% CI p value
Intercept
 0.224851
 0.1326975
 −0.3810016
 2.92 × 10-8†
Production system (referent comparison factor: conventional)
Antimicrobial-free‡
 1.456588
 0.9917592
 2.1392781
 0.05514
Disinfection system (referent comparison factor: no use of the ideal method of disinfection)
Use of ideal disinfection
 0.8947851
 0.6969602
 1.1487606
 0.38316
Continuous variables of antimicrobial use (mg/kg)
Injections (in ovo or subcutaneous§) 3.3926736 1.1860941 9.704318 0.02271†
Through feed 1.0030552 1.0004128 1.0057047 0.02341†
Through water
 1.0005486
 0.9947253
 1.006406
 0.85389
Sample collection year (referent comparison year: 2013)
2014 0.9904373 0.6355585 1.5434709 0.96614
2015 1.0475486 0.6851365 1.6016635 0.83021
2016 1.0912259 0.7028907 1.6941097 0.69726
2017 0.9097193 0.5821923 1.4215049 0.67777
2018 0.9869455 0.6351112 1.5336864 9.53 × 10-1†
2019
 1.548854
 1.0091025
 2.3773092
 0.04534†
Province (referent comparison province: Alberta)
British Columbia 1.6846635 1.1510546 2.465644 0.00728†
Ontario 1.8199429 1.2502213 2.6492848 0.00177†
Québec 3.7534112 2.4943597 5.6479808 2.24 × 10-1†
Saskatchewan 1.9772529 1.1775379 3.3200878 0.00994†

*nC, number of antimicrobial classes to which each isolate was resistant. †Statistically significant (p<0.05). ‡Antimicrobial-free flocks were not exposed to medically important antimicrobials through any route of administration. §Subcutaneous route in young chicks at the hatchery.

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Page created: July 14, 2021
Page updated: August 17, 2021
Page reviewed: August 17, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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