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Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research

Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Resistance to Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens, Canada, 2013–2019

Laura HuberComments to Author , Agnes Agunos, Sheryl P. Gow, Carolee A. Carson, and Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Author affiliations: Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (L. Huber); ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (L. Huber, T.P. Van Boeckel); Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (A. Agunos, C.A. Carson); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.P. Gow); Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, USA (T.P. Van Boeckel)

Main Article

Figure 5

Mean antimicrobial use through injection, water, and feed in broiler chicken flocks where Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter were isolated, Canada, 2013–2019. A) Salmonella; B) Escherichia coli; C) Campylobacter. Route of administration in each panel: top, in ovo or subcutaneous injections; middle, water; bottom, feed. Arrows represent directionality from no multidrug resistance (MDR; gray) to MDR (red). Asterisks (*) indicates p<0.05, obtained from mixed effects logistic regression including antimicrobial use as fixed effect and flock and veterinarian identification as random effects. AGL, aminoglycoside; BAC, bacitracin; CC, chemical coccidiostats; FFL, flavophospholipid; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LINC, lincomycin; LNCACL, lincosamides; MACR, macrolide; ORTH, orthomycin; PEN, penicillin; STRGR, streptogramin; TET, tetracycline; TMS, trimethropim-sulfonamides; 3GC, third-generation cephalosporin.

Figure 5. Mean antimicrobial use through injection, water, and feed in broiler chicken flocks where Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter were isolated, Canada, 2013–2019. A) Salmonella; B) Escherichia coli; C) Campylobacter. Route of administration in each panel: top, in ovo or subcutaneous injections; middle, water; bottom, feed. Arrows represent directionality from no multidrug resistance (MDR; gray) to MDR (red). Asterisks (*) indicates p<0.05, obtained from mixed effects logistic regression including antimicrobial use as fixed effect and flock and veterinarian identification as random effects. AGL, aminoglycoside; BAC, bacitracin; CC, chemical coccidiostats; FFL, flavophospholipid; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LINC, lincomycin; LNCACL, lincosamides; MACR, macrolide; ORTH, orthomycin; PEN, penicillin; STRGR, streptogramin; TET, tetracycline; TMS, trimethropim-sulfonamides; 3GC, third-generation cephalosporin.

Main Article

Page created: July 14, 2021
Page updated: August 17, 2021
Page reviewed: August 17, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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