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Volume 31, Number 4—April 2025
Research

Case–Control Study of Factors Associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome among Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Patients, Ireland, 2017–2020

Diana Espadinha1Comments to Author , Melissa Brady1Comments to Author , Carina Brehony, Douglas Hamilton, Lois O’Connor, Robert Cunney, Suzanne Cotter, Anne Carroll, Patricia Garvey, and Eleanor McNamara
Author affiliation: European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden (D. Espadinha); National Reference Laboratory for STEC at Public Health Laboratory Health Service Executive, Cherry Orchard Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D. Espadinha, A. Carroll, E. McNamara); European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna (M. Brady); Health Service Executive Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin (M. Brady, C. Brehony, S. Cotter, P. Garvey); Health Service Executive National Social Inclusion Office, Dublin (D. Hamilton); Health Service Executive Public Health, Dr. Steevens’ Hospital, Dublin (L. O'Connor); Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin (R. Cunney); Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin (R. Cunney); Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine and Saint James's Hospital, Dublin (E. McNamara)

Main Article

Table 3

Distribution of virulence genes and serogroups for case-patients and controls in study of HUS among patients with STEC, Ireland, 2017–2020*

Category
 HUS-STEC case-patients
 Non–HUS-STEC controls
 p value†
 Total
stx genes‡
stx1a alone 4 (3.7) 101 (24) <0.05
 105 (20)
stx1a + stx2a 41 (38) 113 (27) 154 (29)
stx1a + stx2c 3 (2.8) 25 (6) 28 (5.3)
stx2a alone 56 (52) 88 (21) 144 (27)
stx2c alone 1 (0.9) 7 (1.7) 8 (1.5)
Other combinations 1 (0.9) 79 (19) 80 (15)
Missing
 2 (1.9)
 3 (0.7)
 5 (1.1)
eae genes present
N 6 (5.6) 99 (24) <0.05
 105 (20)
Y
 102 (94)
 317 (76)
 419 (80)
eae subtype
None 6 (5.6) 99 (24) <0.05
 105 (20)
β1 41 (38) 157 (38) 198 (38)
γ1 49 (45) 112 (27) 161 (31)
ε1 4 (3.7) 19 (4.6) 23 (4.4)
ζ3 3 (2.8) 16 (3.8) 19 (3.6)
θ 4 (3.7) 10 (2.4) 14 (2.7)
κ 0 1 (0.2) 1 (0.2)
ξ
 1 (0.9)
 2 (0.5)
 3 (0.6)
ehxA gene present
N 5 (4.6) 41 (10) 0.106
 46 (8.8)
Y 95 (88) 360 (87) 455 (87)
Missing
 8 (7.4)
 15 (3.6)
 23 (4.4)
Serogroup
O26 39 (36) 148 (36) <0.05 187 (35.7)
O157 28 (26) 94 (23) 122 (23.3)
O145 15 (14) 16 (3.8) 31 (5.9)
O103 5 (4.6) 18 (4.3) 23 (4.4)
O55 6 (5.6) 5 (1.2) 11 (2.1)
O111 3 (2.8) 3 (0.7) 6 (1.1)
Other O group 11 (10) 130 (31) 141 (26.9)
Missing 1 (0.9) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.6)

*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome; STEC, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli. †By χ2 test. ‡Composite variable; distribution by individual stx gene shown in Appendix 1.

Main Article

1These authors were co–principal investigators, contributed equally to this work, and share first authorship.

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Page updated: March 11, 2025
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