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Volume 31, Number 9—September 2025

Research

Drivers of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Natural Host and Effects of Control Measures, Bulgaria

Georgina LimonComments to Author , Simona R. Tchakarova, Anna Ludi, Tsviatko Alexandrov, Iva Christova, Petya Petkova, Emmanuel Maze, Kelly Thomas, Natalie Baker, Marion England, Clare Browning, Ginette Wilsden, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Teresa Lambe, Anna Jolles, Miles Carroll, Roger Hewson, Simon Gubbins, Bryan Charleston, and Nicholas A. Lyons
Author affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK (G. Limon, A. Ludi, E. Maze, M. England, C. Browning, G. Wilsden, S. Gubbins, B. Charleston, N.A. Lyons); Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria (S.R. Tchakarova, T. Alexandrov, P. Petkova); National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia (I. Christova); UK Health Security Agency Porton Down, Salisbury, UK (K. Thomas, N. Baker, R. Hewson); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (S. Belij-Rammerstorfer, T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Pandemic Science Institute, Oxford (T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA (A. Jolles); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (R. Hewson)

Main Article

Figure 1

Geographic locations of sheep farms in study of drivers of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in natural host and effects of control measures, Bulgaria. A) Location of Bulgaria within Europe. B) Location of sheep farms that were part of cross-sectional field study 1 (n = 120). Black dots indicate sheep farms in Kardzhali Province, located in the southern part of Bulgaria, and Burgas Province, located in the southeastern part of the country. C) Location of sheep farms that were part of the follow-up field study 2 during March 2018 in Burgas Province (n = 25). Black dots indicate farms that were part of both field studies 1 and 2 (n = 14). D) Location of farms that were part of the multisite randomized control trial (field study 3) in Burgas Province (n = 32). Black dots indicate sheep farm locations.

Figure 1. Geographic locations of sheep farms in study of drivers of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in natural host and effects of control measures, Bulgaria. A) Location of Bulgaria within Europe. B) Location of sheep farms that were part of cross-sectional field study 1 (n = 120). Black dots indicate sheep farms in Kardzhali Province, located in the southern part of Bulgaria, and Burgas Province, located in the southeastern part of the country. C) Location of sheep farms that were part of the follow-up field study 2 during March 2018 in Burgas Province (n = 25). Black dots indicate farms that were part of both field studies 1 and 2 (n = 14). D) Location of farms that were part of the multisite randomized control trial (field study 3) in Burgas Province (n = 32). Black dots indicate sheep farm locations.

Main Article

Page created: July 03, 2025
Page updated: August 05, 2025
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