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Volume 31, Number 9—September 2025

Research

Drivers of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Natural Host and Effects of Control Measures, Bulgaria

Georgina LimonComments to Author , Simona R. Tchakarova, Anna Ludi, Tsviatko Alexandrov, Iva Christova, Petya Petkova, Emmanuel Maze, Kelly Thomas, Natalie Baker, Marion England, Clare Browning, Ginette Wilsden, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Teresa Lambe, Anna Jolles, Miles Carroll, Roger Hewson, Simon Gubbins, Bryan Charleston, and Nicholas A. Lyons
Author affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK (G. Limon, A. Ludi, E. Maze, M. England, C. Browning, G. Wilsden, S. Gubbins, B. Charleston, N.A. Lyons); Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria (S.R. Tchakarova, T. Alexandrov, P. Petkova); National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia (I. Christova); UK Health Security Agency Porton Down, Salisbury, UK (K. Thomas, N. Baker, R. Hewson); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (S. Belij-Rammerstorfer, T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Pandemic Science Institute, Oxford (T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA (A. Jolles); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (R. Hewson)

Main Article

Figure 4

Estimated FOI of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus for 32 commercial sheep farms in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. Sheep were vaccinated and tested for virus IgG over a 6-month follow-up. A) Baseline FOI for each farm. Circles indicate posterior medians; error bars indicate 95% credible intervals. B) Relative FOIs during each sampling period. Posterior median (solid black lines), interquartile range (dashed black lines), and 95% credible interval (purple shading) are indicated. C) Posterior median FOI for unvaccinated (solid lines) and vaccinated (dashed lines) animals in each farm. Each plot represents data from 1 farm. Seroconversion was determined on the basis of virus nucleoprotein IgG levels. FOI, force of infection.

Figure 4. Estimated FOI of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus for 32 commercial sheep farms in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. Sheep were vaccinated and tested for virus IgG over a 6-month follow-up. A) Baseline FOI for each farm. Circles indicate posterior medians; error bars indicate 95% credible intervals. B) Relative FOIs during each sampling period. Posterior median (solid black lines), interquartile range (dashed black lines), and 95% credible interval (purple shading) are indicated. C) Posterior median FOI for unvaccinated (solid lines) and vaccinated (dashed lines) animals in each farm. Each plot represents data from 1 farm. Seroconversion was determined on the basis of virus nucleoprotein IgG levels. FOI, force of infection.

Main Article

Page created: July 03, 2025
Page updated: August 26, 2025
Page reviewed: August 26, 2025
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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