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Volume 31, Number 9—September 2025

Research

Drivers of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Natural Host and Effects of Control Measures, Bulgaria

Georgina LimonComments to Author , Simona R. Tchakarova, Anna Ludi, Tsviatko Alexandrov, Iva Christova, Petya Petkova, Emmanuel Maze, Kelly Thomas, Natalie Baker, Marion England, Clare Browning, Ginette Wilsden, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Teresa Lambe, Anna Jolles, Miles Carroll, Roger Hewson, Simon Gubbins, Bryan Charleston, and Nicholas A. Lyons
Author affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK (G. Limon, A. Ludi, E. Maze, M. England, C. Browning, G. Wilsden, S. Gubbins, B. Charleston, N.A. Lyons); Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria (S.R. Tchakarova, T. Alexandrov, P. Petkova); National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia (I. Christova); UK Health Security Agency Porton Down, Salisbury, UK (K. Thomas, N. Baker, R. Hewson); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (S. Belij-Rammerstorfer, T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Pandemic Science Institute, Oxford (T. Lambe, M. Carroll); Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA (A. Jolles); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (R. Hewson)

Main Article

Figure 4

Estimated FOI of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus for 32 commercial sheep farms in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. Sheep were vaccinated and tested for virus IgG over a 6-month follow-up. A) Baseline FOI for each farm. Circles indicate posterior medians; error bars indicate 95% credible intervals. B) Relative FOIs during each sampling period. Posterior median (solid black lines), interquartile range (dashed black lines), and 95% credible interval (purple shading) are indicated. C) Posterior median FOI for unvaccinated (solid lines) and vaccinated (dashed lines) animals in each farm. Each plot represents data from 1 farm. Seroconversion was determined on the basis of virus nucleoprotein IgG levels. FOI, force of infection.

Figure 4. Estimated FOI of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus for 32 commercial sheep farms in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. Sheep were vaccinated and tested for virus IgG over a 6-month follow-up. A) Baseline FOI for each farm. Circles indicate posterior medians; error bars indicate 95% credible intervals. B) Relative FOIs during each sampling period. Posterior median (solid black lines), interquartile range (dashed black lines), and 95% credible interval (purple shading) are indicated. C) Posterior median FOI for unvaccinated (solid lines) and vaccinated (dashed lines) animals in each farm. Each plot represents data from 1 farm. Seroconversion was determined on the basis of virus nucleoprotein IgG levels. FOI, force of infection.

Main Article

Page created: July 03, 2025
Page updated: August 26, 2025
Page reviewed: August 26, 2025
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