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Volume 32, Number 8—August 2026

Research

Occupationally Exposed and General Population Antibody Profiles to Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Swine as Indication of Zoonotic Risk

Celeste A. Snyder, Garrett M. Janzen, Giovana Ciacci Zanella, Daniel C.A. Moraes, Gustavo S. Silva, Jefferson J.S. Santos, Elizabeth M. Drapeau, Scott E. Hensley, Tavis K. Anderson, Phillip C. Gauger, and Amy L. BakerComments to Author 
Author affiliation: National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (C.A. Snyder, G.M. Janzen, G. Ciacci Zanella, T.K. Anderson, A.L. Baker); Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames (C.A. Snyder, G. Ciacci Zanella, D.C.A. Moraes, G.S. Silva, P.C. Gauger); University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (J.J.S. Santos, E.M. Drapeau, S.E. Hensley)

Main Article

Figure 2

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of swine and human influenza H3 HA genes from study of occupationally exposed and general population antibody profiles to influenza A viruses circulating in swine as indication of zoonotic risk. Three major H3 HA lineages in US swine were derived from interspecies transmission in the 1990s (1990.4.x) and 2010s (2010.1 and 2010.2). Each lineage is divided and colored by statistically supported clades. The H3 tree was rooted on the human seasonal HA gene A/Port Chalmers/1/1973 (H3N2). Branch lengths were drawn to scale. Scale bar indicates number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The phylogeny with tip labels included is available at https://github.com/flu-crew/datasets. HA, hemagglutinin.

Figure 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of swine and human influenza H3 HA genes from study of occupationally exposed and general population antibody profiles to influenza A viruses circulating in swine as indication of zoonotic risk. Three major H3 HA lineages in US swine were derived from interspecies transmission in the 1990s (1990.4.x) and 2010s (2010.1 and 2010.2). Each lineage is divided and colored by statistically supported clades. The H3 tree was rooted on the human seasonal HA gene A/Port Chalmers/1/1973 (H3N2). Branch lengths were drawn to scale. Scale bar indicates number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The phylogeny with tip labels included is available at https://github.com/flu-crew/datasets. HA, hemagglutinin.

Main Article

Page created: June 25, 2026
Page updated: July 26, 2026
Page reviewed: July 26, 2026
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