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Issue Cover for Volume 13, Number 11—November 2007

Volume 13, Number 11—November 2007

[PDF - 10.39 MB - 187 pages]

Perspective

Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases [PDF - 293 KB - 7 pages]
M. Gayer et al.

Detection and control of emerging infectious diseases in conflict situations are major challenges due to multiple risk factors known to enhance emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. These include inadequate surveillance and response systems, destroyed infrastructure, collapsed health systems and disruption of disease control programs, and infection control practices even more inadequate than those in resource-poor settings, as well as ongoing insecurity and poor coordination among humanitarian agencies. This article outlines factors that potentiate emergence and transmission of infectious diseases in conflict situations and highlights several priority actions for their containment and control.

EID Gayer M, Legros D, Formenty P, Connolly MA. Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1625-1631. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061093
AMA Gayer M, Legros D, Formenty P, et al. Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1625-1631. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061093.
APA Gayer, M., Legros, D., Formenty, P., & Connolly, M. A. (2007). Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1625-1631. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061093.

Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program [PDF - 186 KB - 8 pages]
A. M. Hammerum et al.

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is an emerging problem worldwide. Awareness of the undesirable consequences of its widespread occurrence has led to the initiation of antimicrobial agent resistance monitoring programs in several countries. In 1995, Denmark was the first country to establish a systematic and continuous monitoring program of antimicrobial drug consumption and antimicrobial agent resistance in animals, food, and humans, the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program (DANMAP). Monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance and a range of research activities related to DANMAP have contributed to restrictions or bans of use of several antimicrobial agents in food animals in Denmark and other European Union countries.

EID Hammerum AM, Heuer OE, Emborg H, Bagger-Skjøt L, Jensen VF, Rogues A, et al. Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1632-1639. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070421
AMA Hammerum AM, Heuer OE, Emborg H, et al. Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1632-1639. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070421.
APA Hammerum, A. M., Heuer, O. E., Emborg, H., Bagger-Skjøt, L., Jensen, V. F., Rogues, A....Monnet, D. L. (2007). Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1632-1639. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070421.

Growing Problem of Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Pathogens in Africa [PDF - 249 KB - 7 pages]
I. N. Okeke et al.

Control of fecal–orally transmitted pathogens is inadequate in many developing countries, in particular, in sub-Saharan Africa. Acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs is becoming more prevalent among Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enteritidis, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and other pathogens in this region. The poor, who experience most of the infections caused by these organisms, bear the brunt of extended illness and exacerbated proportion of deaths brought about by resistance. Improved antimicrobial drug stewardship is an often cited, but inadequately implemented, intervention for resistance control. Resistance containment also requires improvements in infectious disease control, access to and quality assurance of antimicrobial agents, as well as diagnostic facilities. Structural improvements along these lines will also enhance disease prevention and control as well as rational antimicrobial drug use. Additionally, more research is needed to identify low-cost, high-impact interventions for resistance control.

EID Okeke IN, Aboderin OA, Byarugaba DK, Ojo KK, Opintan JA. Growing Problem of Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Pathogens in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1640-1646. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070674
AMA Okeke IN, Aboderin OA, Byarugaba DK, et al. Growing Problem of Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Pathogens in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1640-1646. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070674.
APA Okeke, I. N., Aboderin, O. A., Byarugaba, D. K., Ojo, K. K., & Opintan, J. A. (2007). Growing Problem of Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Pathogens in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1640-1646. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070674.
Synopses

Literature Review and Case Histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Infections in HIV-infected Patients [PDF - 167 KB - 6 pages]
P. Loulergue et al.

African histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii is an invasive fungal infection endemic in central and west Africa. Most of its ecology and pathogenesis remain unknown. H. capsulatum var. capsulatum is an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients who are living in or have traveled to histoplasmosis-endemic areas. In contrast, reports concerning African histoplasmosis during HIV infection are rare, although both pathogens coexist in those regions. We report 3 cases of imported African histoplasmosis diagnosed in France in HIV-infected patients and a literature review on similar cases.

EID Loulergue P, Bastides F, Baudouin V, Chandenier J, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Dupont B, et al. Literature Review and Case Histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Infections in HIV-infected Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1647-1652. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070665
AMA Loulergue P, Bastides F, Baudouin V, et al. Literature Review and Case Histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Infections in HIV-infected Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1647-1652. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070665.
APA Loulergue, P., Bastides, F., Baudouin, V., Chandenier, J., Mariani-Kurkdjian, P., Dupont, B....Lortholary, O. (2007). Literature Review and Case Histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Infections in HIV-infected Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1647-1652. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070665.
Research

Mycobacterium ulcerans in Mosquitoes Captured during Outbreak of Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia [PDF - 494 KB - 8 pages]
P. Johnson et al.

Buruli ulcer (BU) occurs in >30 countries. The causative organism, Mycobacterium ulcerans, is acquired from the environment, but the exact mode of transmission is unknown. We investigated an outbreak of BU in a small coastal town in southeastern Australia and screened by PCR mosquitoes caught there. All cases of BU were confirmed by culture or PCR. Mosquitoes were trapped in multiple locations during a 26-month period. BU developed in 48 residents of Point Lonsdale/Queenscliff and 31 visitors from January 2001 through April 2007. We tested 11,504 mosquitoes trapped at Point Lonsdale (predominantly Aedes camptorhynchus). Forty-eight pools (5 species) were positive for insertion sequence IS2404 (maximum likelihood estimate 4.3/1,000), and we confirmed the presence of M. ulcerans in a subset of pools by detection of 3 additional PCR targets.

EID Johnson P, Azuolas J, Lavender CJ, Wishart E, Stinear TP, Hayman JA, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans in Mosquitoes Captured during Outbreak of Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1653-1660. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061369
AMA Johnson P, Azuolas J, Lavender CJ, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans in Mosquitoes Captured during Outbreak of Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1653-1660. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061369.
APA Johnson, P., Azuolas, J., Lavender, C. J., Wishart, E., Stinear, T. P., Hayman, J. A....Fyfe, J. A. (2007). Mycobacterium ulcerans in Mosquitoes Captured during Outbreak of Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1653-1660. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061369.

Risk Factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection, Southeastern Australia [PDF - 226 KB - 6 pages]
T. Y. Quek et al.

Buruli/Bairnsdale ulcer (BU) is a severe skin and soft tissue disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. To better understand how BU is acquired, we conducted a case–control study during a sustained outbreak in temperate southeastern Australia. We recruited 49 adult patients with BU and 609 control participants from a newly recognized BU-endemic area in southeastern Australia. Participants were asked about their lifestyle and insect exposure. Odds ratios were calculated by using logistic regression and were adjusted for age and location of residence. Odds of having BU were at least halved for those who frequently used insect repellent, wore long trousers outdoors, and immediately washed minor skin wounds; odds were at least doubled for those who received mosquito bites on the lower legs or lower arms. This study provides new circumstantial evidence that implicates mosquitoes in the transmission of M. ulcerans in southeastern Australia.

EID Quek TY, Athan E, Henry MJ, Pasco JA, Redden-Hoare J, Hughes A, et al. Risk Factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection, Southeastern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1661-1666. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061206
AMA Quek TY, Athan E, Henry MJ, et al. Risk Factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection, Southeastern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1661-1666. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061206.
APA Quek, T. Y., Athan, E., Henry, M. J., Pasco, J. A., Redden-Hoare, J., Hughes, A....Johnson, P. (2007). Risk Factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection, Southeastern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1661-1666. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061206.

Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) [PDF - 431 KB - 8 pages]
M. Lierz et al.

Because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds’ susceptibility and protection after vaccination. Ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (H5N2) vaccine seroconverted. We then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with HPAI (H5N1). All vaccinated birds survived; all unvaccinated birds died within 5 days. For the nonvaccinated birds, histopathologic examination showed tissue degeneration and necrosis, immunohistochemical techniques showed influenza virus antigen in affected tissues, and these birds shed high levels of infectious virus from the oropharynx and cloaca. Vaccinated birds showed no influenza virus antigen in tissues and shed virus at lower titers from the oropharynx only. Vaccination could protect these valuable birds and, through reduced virus shedding, reduce risk for transmission to other avian species and humans.

EID Lierz M, Hafez HM, Klopfleisch R, Lüschow D, Prusas C, Teifke JP, et al. Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1667-1674. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070705
AMA Lierz M, Hafez HM, Klopfleisch R, et al. Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1667-1674. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070705.
APA Lierz, M., Hafez, H. M., Klopfleisch, R., Lüschow, D., Prusas, C., Teifke, J. P....Harder, T. (2007). Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1667-1674. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070705.

Distribution of Eosinophilic Meningitis Cases Attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Hawaii [PDF - 302 KB - 6 pages]
N. S. Hochberg et al.

During November 2004–January 2005, 5 cases of eosinophilic meningitis (EM) attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection were reported in Hawaii. To determine if this temporal clustering reflected an increased incidence, we ascertained EM and A. cantonensis cases by systematic review of statewide laboratory and medical records for January 2001–February 2005 and generalized the data to population estimates. We identified 83 EM cases; 24 (29%) were attributed to A. cantonensis infection, which was included in the discharge diagnoses for only 2 cases. Comparison of A. cantonensis infection incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) for the baseline (January 2001–October 2004) and cluster (November 2004–February 2005) periods showed statistically significant increases for the state as a whole (0.3 vs. 2.1), the Big Island of Hawaii (1.1 vs. 7.4), and Maui County (0.4 vs. 4.3). These findings underscore the need to consider the diagnosis of A. cantonensis infection, especially in the state of Hawaii.

EID Hochberg NS, Park SY, Blackburn BG, Sejvar JJ, Gaynor K, Chung H, et al. Distribution of Eosinophilic Meningitis Cases Attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Hawaii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1675-1680. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070367
AMA Hochberg NS, Park SY, Blackburn BG, et al. Distribution of Eosinophilic Meningitis Cases Attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Hawaii. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1675-1680. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070367.
APA Hochberg, N. S., Park, S. Y., Blackburn, B. G., Sejvar, J. J., Gaynor, K., Chung, H....Effler, P. V. (2007). Distribution of Eosinophilic Meningitis Cases Attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Hawaii. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1675-1680. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070367.

Human Salmonella and Concurrent Decreased Susceptibility to Quinolones and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins [PDF - 485 KB - 8 pages]
J. M. Whichard et al.

The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System monitors susceptibility among Enterobacteriaceae in humans in the United States. We studied isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to quinolones (nalidixic acid MIC >32 µg/mL or ciprofloxacin MIC >0.12 µg/mL) and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftiofur or ceftriaxone MIC >2 µg/mL) during 1996–2004. Of non-Typhi Salmonella, 0.19% (27/14,043) met these criteria: 11 Senftenberg; 6 Typhimurium; 3 Newport; 2 Enteridis; and 1 each Agona, Haifa, Mbandaka, Saintpaul, and Uganda. Twenty-six isolates had gyrA mutations (11 at codon 83 only, 3 at codon 87 only, 12 at both). All Senftenberg isolates had parC mutations (S80I and T57S); 6 others had the T57S mutation. The Mbandaka isolate contained qnrB2. Eight isolates contained blaCMY-2; 1 Senftenberg contained blaCMY-23. One Senftenberg and 1Typhimurium isolate contained blaSHV-12; the Mbandaka isolate contained blaSHV-30. Nine Senftenberg isolates contained blaOXA-1; 1 contained blaOXA-9. Further studies should address patient outcomes, risk factors, and resistance dissemination prevention strategies.

EID Whichard JM, Gay K, Stevenson JE, Joyce KJ, Cooper KL, Omondi M, et al. Human Salmonella and Concurrent Decreased Susceptibility to Quinolones and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1681-1688. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061438
AMA Whichard JM, Gay K, Stevenson JE, et al. Human Salmonella and Concurrent Decreased Susceptibility to Quinolones and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1681-1688. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061438.
APA Whichard, J. M., Gay, K., Stevenson, J. E., Joyce, K. J., Cooper, K. L., Omondi, M....Barrett, T. J. (2007). Human Salmonella and Concurrent Decreased Susceptibility to Quinolones and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1681-1688. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061438.

Non-A Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Antenatal Clinics, United Kingdom [PDF - 240 KB - 5 pages]
S. Dervisevic et al.

In the United Kingdom, the National Screening Programme for identification of hepatitits B virus (HBV) infection in pregnant women uses HBV e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) as markers of infectivity to determine use of immunoglobulin for hepatitis B. Serum samples from 114 HBV-infected women were analyzed. Viral loads correlated with HBeAg/anti-HBe status and viral genotypes. Among 95 mothers whose serum contained anti-HBe, viral loads ranged between undetectable and 8.6 × 106 IU/mL (median 228 IU/mL). Ten (10.5%) of these mothers had plasma viral loads >104 IU/mL; 6 were infected with genotype E and one each with genotypes A, B, C, and D. All viruses had precore stop codon or basal core promoter mutations. Preponderance of genotypes other than A among antenatal mothers in the United Kingdom reflects increasing globalization and trends in immigration. HBeAg serostatus is no longer sufficiently accurate for inferring potential infectivity of pregnant HBV carriers.

EID Dervisevic S, Ijaz S, Chaudry S, Tedder RS. Non-A Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Antenatal Clinics, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1689-1693. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070578
AMA Dervisevic S, Ijaz S, Chaudry S, et al. Non-A Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Antenatal Clinics, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1689-1693. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070578.
APA Dervisevic, S., Ijaz, S., Chaudry, S., & Tedder, R. S. (2007). Non-A Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Antenatal Clinics, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1689-1693. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070578.

Epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Tropical Communities, Northern Australia [PDF - 298 KB - 7 pages]
M. McDonald et al.

Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (groups C and G streptococci [GCS/GGS]) is an increasingly recognized human pathogen, although it may follow indirect pathways. Prospective surveillance of selected households in 3 remote Aboriginal communities in Australia provided 337 GCS/GGS isolates that were emm sequence-typed. Lancefield group C isolates (GCS) were localized to specific households and group G isolates (GGS) were more evenly distributed. GCS/GGS was more frequently recovered from the throat than group A streptococci (GAS [S. pyogenes]) but rarely recovered from skin sores, and then only with Staphylococcus aureus or GAS. Symptomatic GGS/GGC pharyngitis was also rare. Specific emm sequence types of GCS/GGS did not appear to cycle through the communities (sequential strain replacement) in a manner suggesting acquisition of type-specific immunity. These communities already have high levels of streptococcal and poststreptococcal disease. GCS/GGS may increase in importance as it acquires key virulence factors from GAS by lateral gene transfer.

EID McDonald M, Towers RJ, Andrews RM, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Tropical Communities, Northern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1694-1700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061258
AMA McDonald M, Towers RJ, Andrews RM, et al. Epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Tropical Communities, Northern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1694-1700. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061258.
APA McDonald, M., Towers, R. J., Andrews, R. M., Carapetis, J. R., & Currie, B. J. (2007). Epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Tropical Communities, Northern Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1694-1700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061258.

Genetic Diversity among Clonal Lineages within Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stepwise Evolutionary Model
P. C. Feng et al.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 variants were examined for trait mutations and by molecular subtyping to better define clonal complexes postulated on the O157:H7 evolution model. Strains of β-glucuronidase–positive, sorbitol-negative O157:H7 isolated in United States and Japan were identical to A5 clonal strain and shared sequence type (ST)–65 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST); thus, they belong in A5. However, these strains exhibited pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile differences that suggested genomic divergence between populations. Sorbitol-fermenting O157 (SFO157) strains from Finland, Scotland, and Germany were identical to A4 clonal strain and belong in A4. Some SFO157 strains, isolated years apart and from different countries, had identical PFGE profiles, suggesting a common origin. Despite similarities, some Finnish and Scottish and all of the German strains have ST-75 (“German clone”), whereas others have ST-76, a new variant (“Scottish clone”). MLST of strains in other clonal complexes also discriminated strains thought to be identical and showed that genetic differences will further distinguish clonal populations into subclones.

EID Feng PC, Monday SR, Lacher DW, Allison L, Siitonen A, Keys C, et al. Genetic Diversity among Clonal Lineages within Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stepwise Evolutionary Model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1701-1706. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070381
AMA Feng PC, Monday SR, Lacher DW, et al. Genetic Diversity among Clonal Lineages within Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stepwise Evolutionary Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1701-1706. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070381.
APA Feng, P. C., Monday, S. R., Lacher, D. W., Allison, L., Siitonen, A., Keys, C....Whittam, T. S. (2007). Genetic Diversity among Clonal Lineages within Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stepwise Evolutionary Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1701-1706. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070381.

Methamphetamine Use and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections [PDF - 262 KB - 7 pages]
A. L. Cohen et al.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and methamphetamine use are emerging public health problems. We conducted a case–control investigation to determine risk factors for MRSA skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in residents of a largely rural southeastern community in the United States. Case-patients were persons >12 years old who had culturable SSTIs; controls had no SSTIs. Of 119 SSTIs identified, 81 (68.1%) were caused by MRSA. Methamphetamine use was reported in 9.9% of case-patients and 1.8% of controls. After we adjusted for age, sex, and race, patients with MRSA SSTIs were more likely than controls to have recently used methamphetamine (odds ratio 5.10, 95% confidence interval 1.55–16.79). MRSA caused most SSTIs in this population. Transmission of MRSA may be occurring among methamphetamine users in this community.

EID Cohen AL, Shuler C, McAllister S, Fosheim GE, Brown MG, Abercrombie D, et al. Methamphetamine Use and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1707-1713. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070148
AMA Cohen AL, Shuler C, McAllister S, et al. Methamphetamine Use and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1707-1713. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070148.
APA Cohen, A. L., Shuler, C., McAllister, S., Fosheim, G. E., Brown, M. G., Abercrombie, D....Gorwitz, R. (2007). Methamphetamine Use and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1707-1713. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070148.

Pandemic Influenza and Hospital Resources [PDF - 397 KB - 6 pages]
R. E. Nap et al.

Using estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and published models of the expected evolution of pandemic influenza, we modeled the surge capacity of healthcare facility and intensive care unit (ICU) requirements over time in northern Netherlands (≈1.7 million population). We compared the demands of various scenarios with estimates of maximum ICU capacity, factoring in healthcare worker absenteeism as well as reported and realistic estimates derived from semistructured telephone interviews with key management in ICUs in the study area. We show that even during the peak of the pandemic, most patients requiring ICU admission may be served, even those who have non–influenza-related conditions, provided that strong indications and decision-making rules are maintained for admission as well as for continuation (or discontinuation) of life support. Such a model should be integral to a preparedness plan for a pandemic with a new human-transmissible agent.

EID Nap RE, Andriessen MP, Meessen NE, van der Werf TS. Pandemic Influenza and Hospital Resources. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1714-1719. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070103
AMA Nap RE, Andriessen MP, Meessen NE, et al. Pandemic Influenza and Hospital Resources. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1714-1719. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070103.
APA Nap, R. E., Andriessen, M. P., Meessen, N. E., & van der Werf, T. S. (2007). Pandemic Influenza and Hospital Resources. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1714-1719. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070103.

Role of Terrestrial Wild Birds in Ecology of Influenza A Virus (H5N1) [PDF - 361 KB - 5 pages]
A. C. Boon et al.

House sparrows, European starlings, and Carneux pigeons were inoculated with 4 influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from different avian species. We monitored viral replication, death after infection, and transmission to uninfected contact birds of the same species. Sparrows were susceptible to severe infection; 66%–100% of birds died within 4–7 days. High levels of virus were detected from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and in organs of deceased sparrows. Inoculation of starlings caused no deaths, despite high levels of virus shedding evident in oropharyngeal swabs. Least susceptible were pigeons, which had no deaths and very low levels of virus in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Transmission to contact birds did not occur frequently: only A/common magpie/Hong Kong/645/2006 virus was shown to transmit to 1 starling. In summary, recent influenza (H5N1) viruses are pathogenic for small terrestrial bird species but the rate of intraspecies transmission in these hosts is very low.

EID Boon AC, Sandbulte MR, Seiler P, Webby RJ, Songserm T, Guan Y, et al. Role of Terrestrial Wild Birds in Ecology of Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1720-1724. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070114
AMA Boon AC, Sandbulte MR, Seiler P, et al. Role of Terrestrial Wild Birds in Ecology of Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1720-1724. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070114.
APA Boon, A. C., Sandbulte, M. R., Seiler, P., Webby, R. J., Songserm, T., Guan, Y....Webster, R. G. (2007). Role of Terrestrial Wild Birds in Ecology of Influenza A Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1720-1724. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070114.

Canonical Insertion-Deletion Markers for Rapid DNA Typing of Francisella tularensis [PDF - 460 KB - 8 pages]
P. Larsson et al.

To develop effective and accurate typing of strains of Francisella tularensis, a potent human pathogen and a putative bioterrorist agent, we combined analysis of insertion-deletion (indel) markers with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). From 5 representative F. tularensis genome sequences, 38 indel markers with canonical properties, i.e., capable of sorting strains into major genetic groups, were selected. To avoid markers with a propensity for homoplasy, we used only those indels with 2 allelic variants and devoid of substantial sequence repeats. MLVA included sequences with much diversity in copy number of tandem repeats. The combined procedure allowed subspecies division, delineation of clades A.I and A.II of subspecies tularensis, differentiation of Japanese strains from other strains of subspecies holarctica, and high-resolution strain typing. The procedure uses limited amounts of killed bacterial preparations and, because only 1 single analytic method is needed, is time- and cost-effective.

EID Larsson P, Svensson K, Karlsson L, Guala D, Granberg M, Forsman M, et al. Canonical Insertion-Deletion Markers for Rapid DNA Typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1725-1732. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070603
AMA Larsson P, Svensson K, Karlsson L, et al. Canonical Insertion-Deletion Markers for Rapid DNA Typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1725-1732. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070603.
APA Larsson, P., Svensson, K., Karlsson, L., Guala, D., Granberg, M., Forsman, M....Johansson, A. (2007). Canonical Insertion-Deletion Markers for Rapid DNA Typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1725-1732. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070603.

Epidemiologic and Virologic Investigation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2005 [PDF - 461 KB - 9 pages]
P. Van Tu et al.

During 2005, 764 children were brought to a large children’s hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with a diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease. All enrolled children had specimens (vesicle fluid, stool, throat swab) collected for enterovirus isolation by cell culture. An enterovirus was isolated from 411 (53.8%) of the specimens: 173 (42.1%) isolates were identified as human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and 214 (52.1%) as coxsackievirus A16. Of the identified HEV71 infections, 51 (29.5%) were complicated by acute neurologic disease and 3 (1.7%) were fatal. HEV71 was isolated throughout the year, with a period of higher prevalence in October–November. Phylogenetic analysis of 23 HEV71 isolates showed that during the first half of 2005, viruses belonging to 3 subgenogroups, C1, C4, and a previously undescribed subgenogroup, C5, cocirculated in southern Vietnam. In the second half of the year, viruses belonging to subgenogroup C5 predominated during a period of higher HEV71 activity.

EID Van Tu P, Thao NT, Perera D, Truong KH, Tien NT, Thuong TC, et al. Epidemiologic and Virologic Investigation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1733-1741. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070632
AMA Van Tu P, Thao NT, Perera D, et al. Epidemiologic and Virologic Investigation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1733-1741. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070632.
APA Van Tu, P., Thao, N. T., Perera, D., Truong, K. H., Tien, N. T., Thuong, T. C....McMinn, P. C. (2007). Epidemiologic and Virologic Investigation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1733-1741. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070632.
Dispatches

Severe Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Australia [PDF - 182 KB - 3 pages]
W. J. McBride et al.

We report 3 cases of spotted fever group rickettsial infection (presumed Queensland tick typhus) in residents of northern Queensland, Australia, who had unusually severe clinical manifestations. Complications included renal failure, purpura fulminans, and severe pneumonia. Clinical illness caused by Rickettsia australis may not be as benign as previously described.

EID McBride WJ, Hanson JP, Miller R, Wenck D. Severe Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1742-1744. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070099
AMA McBride WJ, Hanson JP, Miller R, et al. Severe Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1742-1744. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070099.
APA McBride, W. J., Hanson, J. P., Miller, R., & Wenck, D. (2007). Severe Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1742-1744. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070099.

Novel Human Herpesvirus 8 Subtype D Strains in Vanuatu, Melanesia [PDF - 267 KB - 4 pages]
O. Cassar et al.

We show human herpesvirus 8 with diverse molecular subtype D variants to be highly endemic among the Ni-Vanuatu population. Most K1 genes were nearly identical to Polynesian strains, although a few clustered with Australian or Taiwanese strains. These results suggest diverse origins of the Ni-Vanuatu population and raise questions about the ancient human population movements in Melanesia.

EID Cassar O, Afonso PV, Bassot S, Plancoulaine S, Duprez R, Capuano C, et al. Novel Human Herpesvirus 8 Subtype D Strains in Vanuatu, Melanesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1745-1748. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070636
AMA Cassar O, Afonso PV, Bassot S, et al. Novel Human Herpesvirus 8 Subtype D Strains in Vanuatu, Melanesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1745-1748. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070636.
APA Cassar, O., Afonso, P. V., Bassot, S., Plancoulaine, S., Duprez, R., Capuano, C....Gessain, A. (2007). Novel Human Herpesvirus 8 Subtype D Strains in Vanuatu, Melanesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1745-1748. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070636.

Onchocerca jakutensis Filariasis in Humans [PDF - 311 KB - 4 pages]
M. Koehsler et al.

We identified Onchocerca jakutensis as the causative agent of an unusual human filariasis in a patient with lupus erythematosus. To our knowledge, this is the first case of human infection with O. jakutensis and the first human case of zoonotic onchocercosis involving >1 worm.

EID Koehsler M, Soleiman A, Aspöck H, Auer H, Walochnik J. Onchocerca jakutensis Filariasis in Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1749-1752. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070017
AMA Koehsler M, Soleiman A, Aspöck H, et al. Onchocerca jakutensis Filariasis in Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1749-1752. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070017.
APA Koehsler, M., Soleiman, A., Aspöck, H., Auer, H., & Walochnik, J. (2007). Onchocerca jakutensis Filariasis in Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1749-1752. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070017.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Meat Products, the Netherlands [PDF - 246 KB - 3 pages]
I. H. van Loo et al.

A new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone related to pig and cattle farming was detected in the Netherlands. We investigated the extent of S. aureus presence in meat and found 36 S. aureus strains in 79 samples. Two strains were MRSA; 1 was multilocus sequence type 398, the clone related to farming.

EID van Loo IH, Diederen BM, Savelkoul PH, Woudenberg JH, Roosendaal R, van Belkum A, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Meat Products, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1753-1755. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070358
AMA van Loo IH, Diederen BM, Savelkoul PH, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Meat Products, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1753-1755. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070358.
APA van Loo, I. H., Diederen, B. M., Savelkoul, P. H., Woudenberg, J. H., Roosendaal, R., van Belkum, A....Kluytmans, J. (2007). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Meat Products, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1753-1755. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070358.

Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil [PDF - 247 KB - 3 pages]
M. C. Albuquerque et al.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was detected in 14 (2%) of 705 fecal specimens from Brazilian children with gastroenteritis. Coinfection with rotavirus, adenovirus, or norovirus was found in 3 (21.4%) HBoV-positive specimens. None of the HBoV-positive patients had respiratory symptoms.

EID Albuquerque MC, Rocha LN, Benati FJ, Soares CC, Maranhão AG, Ramírez ML, et al. Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1756-1758. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070671
AMA Albuquerque MC, Rocha LN, Benati FJ, et al. Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1756-1758. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070671.
APA Albuquerque, M. C., Rocha, L. N., Benati, F. J., Soares, C. C., Maranhão, A. G., Ramírez, M. L....Santos, N. (2007). Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1756-1758. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070671.

Drug-Resistant Malaria Parasites Introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands [PDF - 251 KB - 4 pages]
D. Ménard et al.

To determine risk for drug-resistant malaria parasites entering Madagascar from Comoros Islands, we screened travelers. For the 141 Plasmodium falciparum isolates detected by real-time PCR, frequency of mutant alleles of genes associated with resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine was high. International-level antimalarial policy and a regional antimalarial forum are needed.

EID Ménard D, Randrianarivo-Solofoniaina AE, Ahmed BS, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina LV, Rasolofomanana JR, et al. Drug-Resistant Malaria Parasites Introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1759-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070235
AMA Ménard D, Randrianarivo-Solofoniaina AE, Ahmed BS, et al. Drug-Resistant Malaria Parasites Introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1759-1762. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070235.
APA Ménard, D., Randrianarivo-Solofoniaina, A. E., Ahmed, B. S., Jahevitra, M., Andriantsoanirina, L. V., Rasolofomanana, J. R....Rabarijaona, L. P. (2007). Drug-Resistant Malaria Parasites Introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1759-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070235.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Panama [PDF - 326 KB - 3 pages]
D. Estripeaut et al.

We describe a fatal pediatric case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama, the first, to our knowledge, since the 1950s. Diagnosis was established by immunohistochemistry, PCR, and isolation of Rickettsia rickettsii from postmortem tissues. Molecular typing demonstrated strong relatedness of the isolate to strains of R. rickettsii from Central and South America.

EID Estripeaut D, Aramburú MG, Sáez-Llorens X, Thompson HA, Dasch GA, Paddock CD, et al. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Panama. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1763-1765. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070931
AMA Estripeaut D, Aramburú MG, Sáez-Llorens X, et al. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Panama. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1763-1765. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070931.
APA Estripeaut, D., Aramburú, M. G., Sáez-Llorens, X., Thompson, H. A., Dasch, G. A., Paddock, C. D....Eremeeva, M. E. (2007). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Panama. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1763-1765. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070931.

WU Polyomavirus in Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, South Korea [PDF - 187 KB - 3 pages]
T. Han et al.

In South Korea, WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) was detected in 34 (7%) of 486 children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, 3 (4.2%) of 72 asymptomatic children, and as coinfection with other respiratory viruses in 23 (67.6%) children. Although WUPyV was frequently detected, its clinical role has not been distinguished from that of coinfecting viruses.

EID Han T, Chung J, Koo JW, Kim S, Hwang E. WU Polyomavirus in Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1766-1768. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070872
AMA Han T, Chung J, Koo JW, et al. WU Polyomavirus in Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1766-1768. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070872.
APA Han, T., Chung, J., Koo, J. W., Kim, S., & Hwang, E. (2007). WU Polyomavirus in Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1766-1768. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070872.

Viral Load as Predictor of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outcome [PDF - 342 KB - 4 pages]
D. Duh et al.

We used quantitative real-time reverse transcription–PCR to measure viral load in serum from 24 patients in Kosovo who had acute Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Viral load correlated with clinical disease and antibodies and could be used as a predictor of disease outcome.

EID Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, Ahmeti S, Dedushaj I, Panning M, et al. Viral Load as Predictor of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outcome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1769-1772. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070222
AMA Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, et al. Viral Load as Predictor of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outcome. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1769-1772. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070222.
APA Duh, D., Saksida, A., Petrovec, M., Ahmeti, S., Dedushaj, I., Panning, M....Avšič-Županc, T. (2007). Viral Load as Predictor of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outcome. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1769-1772. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070222.

Characterization of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Hantaviruses, Estonia [PDF - 288 KB - 4 pages]
I. Golovljova et al.

Thirty cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) due to Puumala virus (PUUV), Saaremaa virus (SAAV), and Dobrava virus infection were confirmed in Estonia. Except for the levels of serum creatinine, no remarkable differences were found in the clinical course of HFRS caused by PUUV and SAAV.

EID Golovljova I, Vasilenko V, Mittženkov V, Prükk T, Seppet E, Vene S, et al. Characterization of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Hantaviruses, Estonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1773-1776. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070221
AMA Golovljova I, Vasilenko V, Mittženkov V, et al. Characterization of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Hantaviruses, Estonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1773-1776. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070221.
APA Golovljova, I., Vasilenko, V., Mittženkov, V., Prükk, T., Seppet, E., Vene, S....Lundkvist, Å. (2007). Characterization of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Hantaviruses, Estonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1773-1776. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070221.

Human Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections, Wisconsin, 2003–2005 [PDF - 271 KB - 4 pages]
A. E. Karon et al.

We conducted a retrospective study of Salmonella Newport infections among Wisconsin residents during 2003–2005. Multidrug resistance prevalence was substantially greater in Wisconsin than elsewhere in the United States. Persons with multidrug-resistant infections were more likely than persons with susceptible infections to report exposure to cattle, farms, and unpasteurized milk.

EID Karon AE, Archer JR, Sotir MJ, Monson TA, Kazmierczak JJ. Human Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections, Wisconsin, 2003–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1777-1780. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061138
AMA Karon AE, Archer JR, Sotir MJ, et al. Human Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections, Wisconsin, 2003–2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1777-1780. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061138.
APA Karon, A. E., Archer, J. R., Sotir, M. J., Monson, T. A., & Kazmierczak, J. J. (2007). Human Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections, Wisconsin, 2003–2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1777-1780. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061138.

Medical Students and Pandemic Influenza [PDF - 281 KB - 3 pages]
B. Herman et al.

To assess knowledge of pandemic influenza, we administered a questionnaire to all medical students at the University of Alberta; 354 (69%) of 510 students responded. Data from questionnaires such as this could help determine the role of medical students during a public health emergency.

EID Herman B, Rosychuk RJ, Bailey T, Lake R, Yonge O, Marrie TJ. Medical Students and Pandemic Influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1781-1783. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070279
AMA Herman B, Rosychuk RJ, Bailey T, et al. Medical Students and Pandemic Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1781-1783. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070279.
APA Herman, B., Rosychuk, R. J., Bailey, T., Lake, R., Yonge, O., & Marrie, T. J. (2007). Medical Students and Pandemic Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1781-1783. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070279.

Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam [PDF - 286 KB - 4 pages]
J. Song et al.

Sequence analysis of the full-length medium segment and the partial small and large segments of a hantavirus, detected by reverse transcription–PCR in lung tissues of the Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) captured in Cao Bang Province, Vietnam, in December 2006, indicated that it is genetically distinct from rodentborne hantaviruses.

EID Song J, Kang H, Song K, Truong TT, Bennett SN, Arai S, et al. Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1784-1787. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070492
AMA Song J, Kang H, Song K, et al. Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1784-1787. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070492.
APA Song, J., Kang, H., Song, K., Truong, T. T., Bennett, S. N., Arai, S....Yanagihara, R. (2007). Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1784-1787. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070492.

Environmental Predictors of Human West Nile Virus Infections, Colorado [PDF - 189 KB - 3 pages]
J. L. Patnaik et al.

To determine whether environmental surveillance of West Nile virus–positive dead birds, mosquito pools, equines, and sentinel chickens helped predict human cases in metropolitan Denver, Colorado, during 2003, we analyzed human surveillance data and environmental data. Birds successfully predicted the highest proportion of human cases, followed by mosquito pools, and equines.

EID Patnaik JL, Juliusson L, Vogt RL. Environmental Predictors of Human West Nile Virus Infections, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1788-1790. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070506
AMA Patnaik JL, Juliusson L, Vogt RL. Environmental Predictors of Human West Nile Virus Infections, Colorado. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1788-1790. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070506.
APA Patnaik, J. L., Juliusson, L., & Vogt, R. L. (2007). Environmental Predictors of Human West Nile Virus Infections, Colorado. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1788-1790. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070506.

Primary versus Nonprimary Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy, Israel [PDF - 155 KB - 3 pages]
G. Rahav et al.

We examined prospectively the outcome of primary and nonprimary maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy among 88 and 120 women, respectively. The risk for vertical transmission was 1.83× higher for primary infection than for nonprimary infection. Nonetheless, congenital CMV disease was diagnosed in both infection groups at similar rates.

EID Rahav G, Gabbay R, Ornoy A, Shechtman S, Arnon J, Diav-Citrin O. Primary versus Nonprimary Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1791-1793. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061289
AMA Rahav G, Gabbay R, Ornoy A, et al. Primary versus Nonprimary Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1791-1793. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061289.
APA Rahav, G., Gabbay, R., Ornoy, A., Shechtman, S., Arnon, J., & Diav-Citrin, O. (2007). Primary versus Nonprimary Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1791-1793. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061289.
Letters

Rickettsia felis in Chile [PDF - 82 KB - 2 pages]
M. B. Labruna et al.
EID Labruna MB, Ogrzewalska M, Moraes-Filho J, Lepe P, Gallegos JL, López J. Rickettsia felis in Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1794-1795. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070782
AMA Labruna MB, Ogrzewalska M, Moraes-Filho J, et al. Rickettsia felis in Chile. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1794-1795. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070782.
APA Labruna, M. B., Ogrzewalska, M., Moraes-Filho, J., Lepe, P., Gallegos, J. L., & López, J. (2007). Rickettsia felis in Chile. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1794-1795. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070782.

Possible Typhoon-related Melioidosis Epidemic, Taiwan, 2005 [PDF - 97 KB - 3 pages]
H. Su et al.
EID Su H, Chou C, Tzeng S, Ferng T, Chen Y, Chen Y, et al. Possible Typhoon-related Melioidosis Epidemic, Taiwan, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1795-1797. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061461
AMA Su H, Chou C, Tzeng S, et al. Possible Typhoon-related Melioidosis Epidemic, Taiwan, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1795-1797. doi:10.3201/eid1311.061461.
APA Su, H., Chou, C., Tzeng, S., Ferng, T., Chen, Y., Chen, Y....Chung, T. (2007). Possible Typhoon-related Melioidosis Epidemic, Taiwan, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1795-1797. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.061461.

Human Bocavirus in Infants, New Zealand [PDF - 129 KB - 3 pages]
N. Redshaw et al.
EID Redshaw N, Wood C, Rich F, Grimwood K, Kirman JR. Human Bocavirus in Infants, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1797-1799. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070793
AMA Redshaw N, Wood C, Rich F, et al. Human Bocavirus in Infants, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1797-1799. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070793.
APA Redshaw, N., Wood, C., Rich, F., Grimwood, K., & Kirman, J. R. (2007). Human Bocavirus in Infants, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1797-1799. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070793.

Lyme Disease in Urban Areas, Chicago [PDF - 122 KB - 2 pages]
D. A. Jobe et al.
EID Jobe DA, Nelson JA, Adam MD, Martin SA. Lyme Disease in Urban Areas, Chicago. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1799-1800. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070801
AMA Jobe DA, Nelson JA, Adam MD, et al. Lyme Disease in Urban Areas, Chicago. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1799-1800. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070801.
APA Jobe, D. A., Nelson, J. A., Adam, M. D., & Martin, S. A. (2007). Lyme Disease in Urban Areas, Chicago. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1799-1800. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070801.

Oral Versus IV Treatment for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections [PDF - 94 KB - 2 pages]
B. A. Cunha et al.
EID Cunha BA, Halton K, Graves N. Oral Versus IV Treatment for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1800-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070729
AMA Cunha BA, Halton K, Graves N. Oral Versus IV Treatment for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1800-1801. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070729.
APA Cunha, B. A., Halton, K., & Graves, N. (2007). Oral Versus IV Treatment for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1800-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070729.
Another Dimension

A Country Story [PDF - 84 KB - 1 page]
K. Fields
EID Fields K. A Country Story. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1803. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.ad1311
AMA Fields K. A Country Story. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1803. doi:10.3201/eid1311.ad1311.
APA Fields, K. (2007). A Country Story. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1803. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.ad1311.
Books and Media

AIDS Vaccine Development: Challenges and Opportunities [PDF - 96 KB - 2 pages]
R. T. Chen
EID Chen RT. AIDS Vaccine Development: Challenges and Opportunities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1802. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070790
AMA Chen RT. AIDS Vaccine Development: Challenges and Opportunities. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1802. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070790.
APA Chen, R. T. (2007). AIDS Vaccine Development: Challenges and Opportunities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1802. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070790.

Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching [PDF - 96 KB - 2 pages]
D. J. Sencer
EID Sencer DJ. Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1802-1803. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070787
AMA Sencer DJ. Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1802-1803. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070787.
APA Sencer, D. J. (2007). Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1802-1803. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070787.
Etymologia

tularemia [PDF - 21 KB - 2 pages]
EID tularemia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1724. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.e11311
AMA tularemia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1724. doi:10.3201/eid1311.e11311.
APA (2007). tularemia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1724. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.e11311.
Conference Summaries

10th Annual Conference on New and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases [PDF - 38 KB - 2 pages]
U. Kitron and B. A. Wilson

Alaska Rabies Summit, Anchorage, Alaska—December 11, 2006 [PDF - 22 KB - 3 pages]
L. Castrodale et al.
About the Cover

The Panoramic Landscape of Human Suffering [PDF - 133 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. The Panoramic Landscape of Human Suffering. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1804-1805. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.ac1311
AMA Potter P. The Panoramic Landscape of Human Suffering. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(11):1804-1805. doi:10.3201/eid1311.ac1311.
APA Potter, P. (2007). The Panoramic Landscape of Human Suffering. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 1804-1805. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.ac1311.
Page created: July 09, 2012
Page updated: July 09, 2012
Page reviewed: July 09, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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