Figure 4

Virulence and Evolution of West Nile Virus, Australia, 1960–2012

Natalie A. Prow¹², Judith H. Edmonds², David T. Williams, Yin X. Setoh, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Willy W. Suen, Jody Hobson-Peters, Andrew F. van den Hurk, Alyssa T. Pyke, Sonja Hall-Mendelin, Judith A. Northill, Cheryl A. Johansen, David Warrilow, Jianning Wang, Peter D. Kirkland, Stephen Doggett, Christy C. Andrade³, Aaron C. Brault, Alexander A. Khromykh⁴

, and Roy A. Hall⁴

Author affiliations: The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (N.A. Prow, J.H. Edmonds, Y.X. Setoh, H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, W.W. Suen, J. Hobson-Peters, A.A. Khromykh, R.A. Hall); CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (D.T. Williams, J. Wang); The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, W.W. Suen); Department of Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (A.F. van den Hurk, A.T. Pyke, S. Hall-Mendelin, J.A. Northill, D. Warrilow); The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia (C.A. Johansen); Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (P.D. Kirkland); University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (S. Doggett); University of California, Davis, California, USA (C.C. Andrade, A.C. Brault); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (C.C. Andrade, A.C. Brault)

Main Article

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree estimated by using nucleotide sequences of the complete open reading frame (ORF) of genomes of West Nile virus (WNV) strains isolated in Australia, 1960–2012 (black circles), compared with representative strains from different lineages and clades. The tree was estimated by using a general time-reversible model of nucleotide substitution with a gamma distribution and invariant sites. Bootstrap values are shown on the nodes and are expressed as a percentage of

Figure 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree estimated by using nucleotide sequences of the complete open reading frame (ORF) of genomes of West Nile virus (WNV) strains isolated in Australia, 1960–2012 (black circles), compared with representative strains from different lineages and clades. The tree was estimated by using a general time-reversible model of nucleotide substitution with a gamma distribution and invariant sites. Bootstrap values are shown on the nodes and are expressed as a percentage of 1,000 replicates; only values >70% are shown. Horizontal branch lengths indicate genetic distance. The tree was rooted with the ORF sequences of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus; however, these branches have been removed to improve resolution. Strains that were assessed as having an attenuated virulence phenotype are indicated by a single asterisk (*), and virulent strains are indicated by a dagger (†).The state of origin for WNV_KUN strains is shown as follows: NSW, New South Wales; QLD, Queensland; SA, South Australia; VIC, Victoria; WA, Western Australia. Virus sources are indicated in parentheses next to virus identity, as follows: Av, avian; Eq, equine; H, human; M, mosquito; NK, not known; R, rodent; T, tick. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

¹Current affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.

²These authors contributed equally to the major technical aspects of the work.

³Current affiliation: Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA.

⁴These authors served as joint senior authors.

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