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Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018
Research

Human Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids as Model to Evaluate Virus Inactivation

Veronica CostantiniComments to Author , Esther K. Morantz, Hannah Browne, Khalil Ettayebi, Xi-Lei Zeng, Robert L. Atmar, Mary K. Estes, and Jan Vinjé
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (V. Costantini, J. Vinjé); Synergy America, Inc., Atlanta (E.K. Morantz); Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA (H. Browne); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA (K. Ettayebi, X.-L. Zeng, R.L. Atmar, M.K. Estes)

Main Article

Table 1

Human norovirus–positive fecal samples tested on 80 jejunal HIEs in study of human norovirus replication in HIEs

Genotype* No. samples
 Mean norovirus RNA copies/μL
 Patient age group Collection date†
 Storage condition‡
 Outbreak or sporadic
 No. inactivated/ no. samples %
Capsid
 RdRp
 Years
 No.
GI.1
 GI.P1
 4
 0.5–19.3 × 103
 >18
 4
 2000
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 0/4 (0)
GI.3
 GI.P3 2 0.3–59.4 × 104 0–12 1 2013 Jul −70°C Sporadic 0/4 (0)
>18 1 2005 −70°C Outbreak
GI.Pd
 2
 1.2–8.7 × 104
 0–12
 1 2015 Nov −70°C Sporadic
1
 2017 Feb
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GI.4
 GI.P4
 1
 2.2 × 102
 >18
 1
 2000
 −70°C
 Outbreak
 0/1 (0)
GI.7
 GI.P7
 3
 2.6–16.4 × 103
 0–12
 1 2010 Nov −70°C Sporadic 0/3 (0)
1 2014 Mar −70°C Sporadic
1
 2016 Dec
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GII.1
 GII.Pg
 1
 1.4 × 105
 0–12
 1
 2017 May
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 1/1 (100)
GII.2
 GII.P16
 3
 0.2–52.6 × 103
 0–12
 2 2017 Feb −70°C Sporadic 1/2 (50)
1
 2017 Mar
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 0/1 (0)
GII.3
 GII.P21 2 1.0–6.4 × 105 0–12 1 2012 Mar −70°C Sporadic 0/1 (0)
1 2015 May −70°C Sporadic
GII.P12 2 1.6–4.4 × 106 0–12 2 2012 Aug −70°C Sporadic 1/2 (50)
GII.P16
 4
 0.2–141.1 × 104
 0–12
 1 2012 Mar −70°C Sporadic 0/4 (0)
1 2012 Jun −70°C Sporadic
1 2015 Oct −70°C Sporadic
1
 2016 Dec
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GII.4 Den Haag
 GII.P4 Den Haag
 3
 1.3–161.6 × 104
 >18 1 2010 May 4°C Outbreak 0/1 (0)
0–12
 1 2013 Jun −70°C Sporadic 0/1 (0)
1
 2015 May
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 1/1 (100)
GII.4 New Orleans
 GII.P4 New Orleans
 1
 4.1 × 105
 0–12
 1
 2013 Apr
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 0/1 (0)
GII.4 Sydney
 GII.Pe 22 3.5 × 103–2.1 × 107 0–12 3 2012 −70°C Sporadic 1/3 (30)
1 2015 Jan −70°C Sporadic 1/1 (100)
7 2015 Feb −70°C Sporadic 3/7 (40)
1 2015 Mar −70°C Sporadic 1/1 (100)
1 2015 Apr −70°C Sporadic 1/1 (100)
1 2015 Oct −70°C Sporadic 0/1 (0)
1 2016 Apr −70°C Sporadic 0/1 (0)
>18 1 2011 −70°C Outbreak 0/1 (0)
1 2013 −70°C Outbreak 0/1 (0)
1 2012 May 4°C Outbreak 0/1 (0)
2 2016 Apr 4°C Outbreak 1/2 (50)
2 2016 May 4°C Outbreak 0/2 (0)
GII.P16 13 0.4 × 103–6.1 × 106 0–12 2 2016 Dec −70°C Sporadic 1/2 (50)
6 2017 Feb −70°C Sporadic 0/6 (0)
5 2017 Mar −70°C Sporadic 0/5 (0)
GII.P4 New Orleans
 4
 0.6–14.9 × 104
 0–12
 1 2015 Jan −70°C Sporadic 0/4 (0)
1 2017 Jan −70°C Sporadic
1 2017 Feb −70°C Sporadic
1
 2017 Mar
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GII.5
 GII.P22
 1
 1.1 × 104
 0–12
 1
 2010 Nov
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 0/1 (0)
GII.6B
 GII.P7
 1
 7.6 × 104
 0–12
 1
 2015 Jan
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 0/1 (0)
GII.6
 GII.P7
 4
 0.1–8.4 × 106
 0–12
 1 2012 Dec −70°C Sporadic 0/4 (0)
2 2015 Jan −70°C Sporadic
1
 2017 Jan
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GII.7
 GII.P7
 2
 0.3–9.1 × 106
 >18 1 2010 Oct −70°C Sporadic 0/2 (0)
0–12
 1
 2012 Aug
 −70°C
 Sporadic
GII.14
 GII.P7
 1
 6.1 × 104
 0–12
 1
 2016 Dec
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 1/1 (100)
GII.17
 GII.Pe
 1
 3.4 × 105
 0–12
 1
 2010 Oct
 −70°C
 Sporadic
 1/1 (100)
GIV
 GIV.P1
 3
 0.3–13.6 × 103
 >18
 3
 2016 May
 4°C
 Outbreak
 0/3 (0)
Total 80 80 16/80 (20)

*Dual genotyping based on sequencing partial RdRp and capsid regions (26,27). HIE, human intestinal enteroids; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
†When month was not available, only year of collection is reported.
‡Samples were stored at the indicated temperature.

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