Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland
Niamh A. Martin, Gabriel Gonzalez, Liam J. Reynolds, Charlene Bennett, Christine Campbell, Tristan M. Nolan, Alannah Byrne, Sanne Fennema, Niamh Holohan, Sailusha Ratnam Kuntamukkula, Natasha Sarwar, Laura Sala-Comorera, Jonathan Dean, Jose Maria Urtasun-Elizari, Daniel Hare, Emer Liddy, Eadaoin Joyce, John J. O’Sullivan, John M. Cuddihy, Angeline M. McIntyre, Eve P. Robinson, Darren Dahly, Nicola F. Fletcher, Suzanne Cotter, Emer Fitzpatrick, Michael J. Carr, Cillian F. De Gascun, and Wim G. Meijer
Author affiliations: University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (N.A. Martin, G. Gonzalez, L.J. Reynolds, C. Bennett, C. Campbell, T.M. Nolan, A. Byrne, S. Fennema, N. Holohan, S.R. Kuntamukkula, N. Sarwar, L. Sala-Comorera, J. Dean, J.M. Urtasun-Elizari, D. Hare, J.J. O’Sullivan, N.F. Fletcher, M.J. Carr, C.F. De Gascun, W.G. Meijer); Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (G. Gonzalez, M.J. Carr); Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland (E. Liddy, J.M. Cuddihy, A.M McIntyre, E.P. Robinson, S. Cotter); Irish Water, Dublin, Ireland (E. Joyce); University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (D. Dahly); Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Crumlin, Ireland (E. Fitzpatrick)
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Figure 1
![Relationship between AAV2 and HAdV-F in wastewater samples and SAHUE clinical cases in children, Ireland, July 1, 2020–July 30, 2022. Eighty-five 24-h composite wastewater samples collected during July 1, 2020–July 30, 2022, were retroactively analyzed for SARS-CoV-2, AAV2, HAdV-F, and the human biomarker crAss-2. A) Number of probable SAHUE cases and HAdV-F–positive clinical samples reported per week during the study period. B) Daily viral load of HAdV-F, AAV2 VP1, and AAV2 NSP detected in influent of the Ringsend WWTP, Dublin, Ireland. C) Daily viral load of SARS-CoV-2 RNA N1 and DNA extraction crAss_2 control in influent of the Ringsend WWTP. AAV2, adeno-associated virus type 2; GC, genome copies; HAdV-F, human adenovirus types F; N1, nucleocapsid protein 1; NSP, nonstructural protein; SAHUE, severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology; VP, viral protein; WWTP, wastewater treatment plant.](/eid/images/22-1878-F1.jpg)
Figure 1. Relationship between AAV2 and HAdV-F in wastewater samples and SAHUE clinical cases in children, Ireland, July 1, 2020–July 30, 2022. Eighty-five 24-h composite wastewater samples collected during July 1, 2020–July 30, 2022, were retroactively analyzed for SARS-CoV-2, AAV2, HAdV-F, and the human biomarker crAss-2. A) Number of probable SAHUE cases and HAdV-F–positive clinical samples reported per week during the study period. B) Daily viral load of HAdV-F, AAV2 VP1, and AAV2 NSP detected in influent of the Ringsend WWTP, Dublin, Ireland. C) Daily viral load of SARS-CoV-2 RNA N1 and DNA extraction crAss_2 control in influent of the Ringsend WWTP. AAV2, adeno-associated virus type 2; GC, genome copies; HAdV-F, human adenovirus types F; N1, nucleocapsid protein 1; NSP, nonstructural protein; SAHUE, severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology; VP, viral protein; WWTP, wastewater treatment plant.
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