Perspective
Challenges in Forecasting Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health. Since the 2000s, computational tools for predicting infectious diseases have been greatly advanced; however, efforts to develop real-time forecasting models for antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AMROs) have been absent. In this perspective, we discuss the utility of AMRO forecasting at different scales, highlight the challenges in this field, and suggest future research priorities. We also discuss challenges in scientific understanding, access to high-quality data, model calibration, and implementation and evaluation of forecasting models. We further highlight the need to initiate research on AMRO forecasting using currently available data and resources to galvanize the research community and address initial practical questions.
EID | Pei S, Blumberg S, Vega J, Robin T, Zhang Y, Medford RJ, et al. Challenges in Forecasting Antimicrobial Resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):679-685. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221552 |
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AMA | Pei S, Blumberg S, Vega J, et al. Challenges in Forecasting Antimicrobial Resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):679-685. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221552. |
APA | Pei, S., Blumberg, S., Vega, J., Robin, T., Zhang, Y., Medford, R. J....Shaman, J. (2023). Challenges in Forecasting Antimicrobial Resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 679-685. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221552. |
Synopses
New Zealand (Aotearoa) experienced a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B epidemic during 1991–2006, and incidence remains twice that of other high-income countries. We reviewed clinical, laboratory, and immunization data for children <15 years of age with laboratory-confirmed invasive meningococcal disease in Auckland, New Zealand, during January 1, 2004–December 31, 2020. Of 319 cases in 318 children, 4.1% died, and 23.6% with follow-up data experienced sequelae. Children of Māori and Pacific ethnicity and those living in the most deprived areas were overrepresented. Eighty-one percent were positive for N. meningitidis serogroup B, 8.6% for serogroup W, 6.3% for serogroup C, and 3.7% for serogroup Y. Seventy-nine percent had bacteremia, and 63.9% had meningitis. In New Zealand, Māori and Pacific children are disproportionately affected by this preventable disease. N. meningitidis serogroup B vaccine should be included in the New Zealand National Immunization Schedule to address this persistent health inequity.
EID | Burton C, Best E, Broom M, Heffernan H, Briggs S, Webb R. Pediatric Invasive Meningococcal Disease, Auckland, New Zealand (Aotearoa), 2004–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):686-695. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221397 |
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AMA | Burton C, Best E, Broom M, et al. Pediatric Invasive Meningococcal Disease, Auckland, New Zealand (Aotearoa), 2004–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):686-695. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221397. |
APA | Burton, C., Best, E., Broom, M., Heffernan, H., Briggs, S., & Webb, R. (2023). Pediatric Invasive Meningococcal Disease, Auckland, New Zealand (Aotearoa), 2004–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 686-695. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221397. |
Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans during 2014–2021, France
Monitoring of tickborne diseases is critical for prevention and management. We analyzed 418 ticks removed from 359 patients during 2014–2021 in Marseille, France, for identification and bacteria detection. Using morphology, molecular methods, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we identified 197 (47%) Ixodes, 136 (33%) Dermacentor, 67 (16%) Rhipicephalus, 8 (2%) Hyalomma, 6 (1%) Amblyomma, 2 (0.5%) Argas, and 2 (0.5%) Haemaphysalis tick species. We also detected bacterial DNA in 241 (58%) ticks. The most frequent bacterial pathogens were Rickettsia raoultii (17%) and R. slovaca (13%) in Dermacentor ticks, Borrelia spp. (9%) in Ixodes ticks, and R. massiliae (16%) in Rhipicephalus ticks. Among patients who were bitten, 107 had symptoms, and tickborne diseases were diagnosed in 26, including scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy after tick bite and Lyme borrelioses. Rapid tick and bacteria identification using a combination of methods can substantially contribute to clinical diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of tickborne diseases.
EID | Jumpertz M, Sevestre J, Luciani L, Houhamdi L, Fournier P, Parola P. Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans during 2014–2021, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):701-710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221572 |
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AMA | Jumpertz M, Sevestre J, Luciani L, et al. Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans during 2014–2021, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):701-710. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221572. |
APA | Jumpertz, M., Sevestre, J., Luciani, L., Houhamdi, L., Fournier, P., & Parola, P. (2023). Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans during 2014–2021, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 701-710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221572. |
Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India
Scrub typhus is an established cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in northern states of India. We systematically investigated 376 children with AES in southern India, using a stepwise diagnostic strategy for the causative agent of scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, including IgM and PCR testing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to grade its association with AES. We diagnosed scrub typhus in 87 (23%) children; of those, association with AES was confirmed in 16 (18%) cases, probable in 55 (63%), and possible in 16 (18%). IgM detection in CSF had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 82% compared with PCR. Our findings suggest scrub typhus as an emerging common treatable cause of AES in children in southern India and highlight the importance of routine testing for scrub typhus in diagnostic algorithms. Our results also suggest the potential promise of IgM screening of CSF for diagnosis of AES resulting from scrub typhus.
EID | Damodar T, Singh B, Prabhu N, Marate S, Gowda VK, Lalitha A, et al. Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):711-722. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221157 |
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AMA | Damodar T, Singh B, Prabhu N, et al. Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):711-722. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221157. |
APA | Damodar, T., Singh, B., Prabhu, N., Marate, S., Gowda, V. K., Lalitha, A....Yadav, R. (2023). Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 711-722. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221157. |
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, few cases of Nocardia spp. co-infection have been reported during or after a COVID-19 infection. Nocardia spp. are gram-positive aerobic actinomycetes that stain partially acid-fast, can infect immunocompromised patients, and may cause disseminated disease. We report the case of a 52-year-old immunocompromised man who had Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis pneumonia develop after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also summarize the literature for nocardiosis and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections. Nocardia spp. infection should remain a part of the differential diagnosis for pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, regardless of other co-infections. Sulfonamide/carbapenem combinations are used as empiric therapy for nocardiosis; species identification and susceptibility testing are required to select the optimal treatment for each patient.
EID | Stamos D, Barajas-Ochoa A, Raybould JE. Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis Co-infection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):696-700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221439 |
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AMA | Stamos D, Barajas-Ochoa A, Raybould JE. Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis Co-infection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):696-700. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221439. |
APA | Stamos, D., Barajas-Ochoa, A., & Raybould, J. E. (2023). Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis Co-infection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 696-700. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221439. |
Research
Monitoring Temporal Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Levels and Variant-Specific Risk for Infection, Dominican Republic, March 2021–August 2022
To assess changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike binding antibody prevalence in the Dominican Republic and implications for immunologic protection against variants of concern, we prospectively enrolled 2,300 patients with undifferentiated febrile illnesses in a study during March 2021–August 2022. We tested serum samples for spike antibodies and tested nasopharyngeal samples for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection using a reverse transcription PCR nucleic acid amplification test. Geometric mean spike antibody titers increased from 6.6 (95% CI 5.1–8.7) binding antibody units (BAU)/mL during March–June 2021 to 1,332 (95% CI 1,055–1,682) BAU/mL during May–August 2022. Multivariable binomial odds ratios for acute infection were 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.74), 0.38 (95% CI 0.27–0.55), and 0.27 (95% CI 0.18–0.40) for the second, third, and fourth versus the first anti-spike quartile; findings were similar by viral strain. Combining serologic and virologic screening might enable monitoring of discrete population immunologic markers and their implications for emergent variant transmission.
EID | Nilles EJ, de St. Aubin M, Dumas D, Duke W, Etienne M, Abdalla G, et al. Monitoring Temporal Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Levels and Variant-Specific Risk for Infection, Dominican Republic, March 2021–August 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):723-733. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221628 |
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AMA | Nilles EJ, de St. Aubin M, Dumas D, et al. Monitoring Temporal Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Levels and Variant-Specific Risk for Infection, Dominican Republic, March 2021–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):723-733. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221628. |
APA | Nilles, E. J., de St. Aubin, M., Dumas, D., Duke, W., Etienne, M., Abdalla, G....Paulino, C. (2023). Monitoring Temporal Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Levels and Variant-Specific Risk for Infection, Dominican Republic, March 2021–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 723-733. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221628. |
Extensive Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant among Vaccinated Persons during 7-Day River Cruise, the Netherlands
We investigated a large outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections among passengers and crew members (60 cases in 132 persons) on a cruise ship sailing for 7 days on rivers in the Netherlands. Whole-genome analyses suggested a single or limited number of viral introductions consistent with the epidemiologic course of infections. Although some precautionary measures were taken, no social distancing was exercised, and air circulation and ventilation were suboptimal. The most plausible explanation for introduction of the virus is by persons (crew members and 2 passengers) infected during a previous cruise, in which a case of COVID-19 had occurred. The crew was insufficiently prepared on how to handle the situation, and efforts to contact public health authorities was inadequate. We recommend installing clear handling protocols, direct contacts with public health organizations, training of crew members to recognize outbreaks, and awareness of air quality on river-cruise ships, as is customary for most seafaring cruises.
EID | Veenstra T, van Schelven PD, ten Have YM, Swaan CM, van den Akker WR. Extensive Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant among Vaccinated Persons during 7-Day River Cruise, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):734-741. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221433 |
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AMA | Veenstra T, van Schelven PD, ten Have YM, et al. Extensive Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant among Vaccinated Persons during 7-Day River Cruise, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):734-741. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221433. |
APA | Veenstra, T., van Schelven, P. D., ten Have, Y. M., Swaan, C. M., & van den Akker, W. R. (2023). Extensive Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant among Vaccinated Persons during 7-Day River Cruise, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 734-741. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221433. |
Mapping Global Bushmeat Activities to Improve Zoonotic Spillover Surveillance by Using Geospatial Modeling
Human populations that hunt, butcher, and sell bushmeat (bushmeat activities) are at increased risk for zoonotic pathogen spillover. Despite associations with global epidemics of severe illnesses, such as Ebola and mpox, quantitative assessments of bushmeat activities are lacking. However, such assessments could help prioritize pandemic prevention and preparedness efforts. We used geospatial models that combined published data on bushmeat activities and ecologic and demographic drivers to map the distribution of bushmeat activities in rural regions globally. The resulting map had high predictive capacity for bushmeat activities (true skill statistic = 0.94). The model showed that mammal species richness and deforestation were principal drivers of the geographic distribution of bushmeat activities and that countries in West and Central Africa had the highest proportion of land area associated with bushmeat activities. These findings could help prioritize future surveillance of bushmeat activities and forecast emerging zoonoses at a global scale.
EID | Jagadesh S, Zhao C, Mulchandani R, Van Boeckel TP. Mapping Global Bushmeat Activities to Improve Zoonotic Spillover Surveillance by Using Geospatial Modeling. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):742-750. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221022 |
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AMA | Jagadesh S, Zhao C, Mulchandani R, et al. Mapping Global Bushmeat Activities to Improve Zoonotic Spillover Surveillance by Using Geospatial Modeling. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):742-750. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221022. |
APA | Jagadesh, S., Zhao, C., Mulchandani, R., & Van Boeckel, T. P. (2023). Mapping Global Bushmeat Activities to Improve Zoonotic Spillover Surveillance by Using Geospatial Modeling. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 742-750. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221022. |
Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland
During April–July 2022, outbreaks of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (SAHUE) were reported in 35 countries. Five percent of cases required liver transplantation, and 22 patients died. Viral metagenomic studies of clinical samples from SAHUE cases showed a correlation with human adenovirus F type 41 (HAdV-F41) and adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2). To explore the association between those DNA viruses and SAHUE in children in Ireland, we quantified HAdV-F41 and AAV2 in samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant serving 40% of Ireland’s population. We noted a high correlation between HAdV-F41 and AAV2 circulation in the community and SAHUE clinical cases. Next-generation sequencing of the adenovirus hexon in wastewater demonstrated HAdV-F41 was the predominant HAdV type circulating. Our environmental analysis showed increased HAdV-F41 and AAV2 prevalence in the community during the SAHUE outbreak. Our findings highlight how wastewater sampling could aid in surveillance for respiratory adenovirus species.
EID | Martin NA, Gonzalez G, Reynolds LJ, Bennett C, Campbell C, Nolan TM, et al. Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):751-760. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221878 |
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AMA | Martin NA, Gonzalez G, Reynolds LJ, et al. Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):751-760. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221878. |
APA | Martin, N. A., Gonzalez, G., Reynolds, L. J., Bennett, C., Campbell, C., Nolan, T. M....Meijer, W. G. (2023). Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 751-760. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221878. |
Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Nursing Homes during Periods of Delta and Omicron Predominance, United States, July 2021–March 2022
SARS-CoV-2 infections among vaccinated nursing home residents increased after the Omicron variant emerged. Data on booster dose effectiveness in this population are limited. During July 2021–March 2022, nursing home outbreaks in 11 US jurisdictions involving >3 infections within 14 days among residents who had received at least the primary COVID-19 vaccine(s) were monitored. Among 2,188 nursing homes, 1,247 outbreaks were reported in the periods of Delta (n = 356, 29%), mixed Delta/Omicron (n = 354, 28%), and Omicron (n = 536, 43%) predominance. During the Omicron-predominant period, the risk for infection within 14 days of an outbreak start was lower among boosted residents than among residents who had received the primary vaccine series alone (risk ratio [RR] 0.25, 95% CI 0.19–0.33). Once infected, boosted residents were at lower risk for all-cause hospitalization (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.40–0.49) and death (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.34–0.59) than primary vaccine–only residents.
EID | Wilson W, Keaton AA, Ochoa LG, Hatfield KM, Gable P, Walblay KA, et al. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Nursing Homes during Periods of Delta and Omicron Predominance, United States, July 2021–March 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):761-770. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221605 |
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AMA | Wilson W, Keaton AA, Ochoa LG, et al. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Nursing Homes during Periods of Delta and Omicron Predominance, United States, July 2021–March 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):761-770. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221605. |
APA | Wilson, W., Keaton, A. A., Ochoa, L. G., Hatfield, K. M., Gable, P., Walblay, K. A....Hunter, J. C. (2023). Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Nursing Homes during Periods of Delta and Omicron Predominance, United States, July 2021–March 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 761-770. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221605. |
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant Infection among Children 5–11 Years of Age, Israel
We assessed effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against infection with the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant (mostly BA.1 subvariant), among children 5–11 years of age in Israel. Using a matched case–control design, we matched SARS-CoV-2–positive children (cases) and SARS-CoV-2–negative children (controls) by age, sex, population group, socioeconomic status, and epidemiologic week. Vaccine effectiveness estimates after the second vaccine dose were 58.1% for days 8–14, 53.9% for days 15–21, 46.7% for days 22–28, 44.8% for days 29–35, and 39.5% for days 36–42. Sensitivity analyses by age group and period demonstrated similar results. Vaccine effectiveness against Omicron infection among children 5–11 years of age was lower than vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness against non-Omicron variants, and effectiveness declined early and rapidly.
EID | Glatman-Freedman A, Hershkovitz Y, Dichtiar R, Rosenberg A, Keinan-Boker L, Bromberg M. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant Infection among Children 5–11 Years of Age, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):771-777. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221285 |
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AMA | Glatman-Freedman A, Hershkovitz Y, Dichtiar R, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant Infection among Children 5–11 Years of Age, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):771-777. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221285. |
APA | Glatman-Freedman, A., Hershkovitz, Y., Dichtiar, R., Rosenberg, A., Keinan-Boker, L., & Bromberg, M. (2023). Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant Infection among Children 5–11 Years of Age, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 771-777. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221285. |
Dispatches
Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022
Mpox was diagnosed in 2 women returning to Vietnam from the United Arab Emirates. The monkeypox viruses belonged to an emerging sublineage, A.2.1, distinct from B.1, which is responsible for the ongoing multicountry outbreak. Women could contribute to mpox transmission, and enhanced genomic surveillance is needed to clarify pathogen evolution.
EID | Dung N, Hung L, Hoa H, Nga L, Hong N, Thuong T, et al. Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):778-781. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221835 |
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AMA | Dung N, Hung L, Hoa H, et al. Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):778-781. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221835. |
APA | Dung, N., Hung, L., Hoa, H., Nga, L., Hong, N., Thuong, T....Van Tan, L. (2023). Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 778-781. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221835. |
Experimental Infection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants among Beagle Dogs
We assessed susceptibility of dogs to SARS-COV-2 Delta and Omicron variants by experimentally inoculating beagle dogs. Moreover, we investigated transmissibility of the variants from infected to naive dogs. The dogs were susceptible to infection without clinical signs and transmitted both strains to other dogs through direct contact.
EID | Lyoo K, Lee H, Lee S, Yeom M, Lee J, Kim K, et al. Experimental Infection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants among Beagle Dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):782-785. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221727 |
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AMA | Lyoo K, Lee H, Lee S, et al. Experimental Infection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants among Beagle Dogs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):782-785. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221727. |
APA | Lyoo, K., Lee, H., Lee, S., Yeom, M., Lee, J., Kim, K....Song, D. (2023). Experimental Infection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants among Beagle Dogs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 782-785. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221727. |
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States
We report the spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) into marine mammals in the northeastern United States, coincident with H5N1 in sympatric wild birds. Our data indicate monitoring both wild coastal birds and marine mammals will be critical to determine pandemic potential of influenza A viruses.
EID | Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, Foss A, Stone JJ, Doughty L, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):786-791. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221538 |
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AMA | Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):786-791. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221538. |
APA | Puryear, W., Sawatzki, K., Hill, N., Foss, A., Stone, J. J., Doughty, L....Runstadler, J. (2023). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 786-791. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221538. |
Emergence and Persistent Dominance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.3.7 Variant, Taiwan
Since April 2022, waves of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases have surfaced in Taiwan and spread throughout the island. Using high-throughput sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, we analyzed 2,405 PCR-positive swab samples from 2,339 persons and identified the Omicron BA.2.3.7 variant as a major lineage within recent community outbreaks in Taiwan.
EID | Shao P, Tu H, Gong Y, Shu H, Kirby R, Hsu L, et al. Emergence and Persistent Dominance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.3.7 Variant, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):792-796. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221497 |
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AMA | Shao P, Tu H, Gong Y, et al. Emergence and Persistent Dominance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.3.7 Variant, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):792-796. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221497. |
APA | Shao, P., Tu, H., Gong, Y., Shu, H., Kirby, R., Hsu, L....Tsai, S. (2023). Emergence and Persistent Dominance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.3.7 Variant, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 792-796. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221497. |
Yezo Virus Infection in Tick-Bitten Patient and Ticks, Northeastern China
We identified Yezo virus infection in a febrile patient who had a tick bite in northeastern China, where 0.5% of Ixodes persulcatus ticks were positive for viral RNA. Clinicians should be aware of this potential health threat and include this emerging virus in the differential diagnosis for tick-bitten patients in this region.
EID | Lv X, Liu Z, Li L, Xu W, Yuan Y, Liang X, et al. Yezo Virus Infection in Tick-Bitten Patient and Ticks, Northeastern China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):797-800. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220885 |
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AMA | Lv X, Liu Z, Li L, et al. Yezo Virus Infection in Tick-Bitten Patient and Ticks, Northeastern China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):797-800. doi:10.3201/eid2904.220885. |
APA | Lv, X., Liu, Z., Li, L., Xu, W., Yuan, Y., Liang, X....Wang, Z. (2023). Yezo Virus Infection in Tick-Bitten Patient and Ticks, Northeastern China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 797-800. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220885. |
Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Abundance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes, Djibouti, 2018–2021
We describe the influence of seasonal meteorologic variations and rainfall events on Anopheles stephensi mosquito populations during a 40-month surveillance study at a US military base in Djibouti. Focusing surveillance and risk mitigation for An. stephensi mosquitoes when climatic conditions are optimal presents an opportunity for malaria prevention and control in eastern Africa.
EID | Zayed A, Moustafa M, Tageldin R, Harwood JF. Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Abundance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes, Djibouti, 2018–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):801-805. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220549 |
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AMA | Zayed A, Moustafa M, Tageldin R, et al. Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Abundance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes, Djibouti, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):801-805. doi:10.3201/eid2904.220549. |
APA | Zayed, A., Moustafa, M., Tageldin, R., & Harwood, J. F. (2023). Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Abundance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes, Djibouti, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 801-805. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220549. |
Tularemia in Pregnant Woman, Serbia, 2018
Tularemia was diagnosed for a 33-year-old pregnant woman in Serbia after a swollen neck lymph node was detected at gestation week 18. Gentamicin was administered parenterally (120 mg/d for 7 d); the pregnancy continued with no complications and a healthy newborn was delivered. Treatment of tularemia optimizes maternal and infant outcomes.
EID | Saranovic M, Milic M, Radic I, Katanic N, Vujacic M, Gasic M, et al. Tularemia in Pregnant Woman, Serbia, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):806-808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221318 |
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AMA | Saranovic M, Milic M, Radic I, et al. Tularemia in Pregnant Woman, Serbia, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):806-808. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221318. |
APA | Saranovic, M., Milic, M., Radic, I., Katanic, N., Vujacic, M., Gasic, M....Bogosavljevic, I. (2023). Tularemia in Pregnant Woman, Serbia, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 806-808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221318. |
Ocular Trematodiasis in Children, Sri Lanka
Using histopathology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene, we found >2 distinct trematode species that caused ocular trematode infections in children in Sri Lanka. Collaborations between clinicians and parasitologists and community awareness of water-related contamination hazards will promote diagnosis, control, and prevention of ocular trematode infections.
EID | Mallawarachchi CH, Dissanayake MM, Hendavitharana SR, Senanayake S, Gunathilaka N, Chandrasena N, et al. Ocular Trematodiasis in Children, Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):809-813. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221517 |
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AMA | Mallawarachchi CH, Dissanayake MM, Hendavitharana SR, et al. Ocular Trematodiasis in Children, Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):809-813. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221517. |
APA | Mallawarachchi, C. H., Dissanayake, M. M., Hendavitharana, S. R., Senanayake, S., Gunathilaka, N., Chandrasena, N....de Silva, N. R. (2023). Ocular Trematodiasis in Children, Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 809-813. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221517. |
Serial Intervals and Incubation Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants, Singapore
We compared serial intervals and incubation periods for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants and Delta variants in Singapore. Median incubation period was 3 days for BA.1 versus 4 days for Delta. Serial interval was 2 days for BA.1 and 3 days for BA.2 but 4 days for Delta.
EID | Zeng K, Santhya S, Soong A, Malhotra N, Pushparajah D, Thoon K, et al. Serial Intervals and Incubation Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):814-817. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220854 |
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AMA | Zeng K, Santhya S, Soong A, et al. Serial Intervals and Incubation Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants, Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):814-817. doi:10.3201/eid2904.220854. |
APA | Zeng, K., Santhya, S., Soong, A., Malhotra, N., Pushparajah, D., Thoon, K....Cheng, M. (2023). Serial Intervals and Incubation Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants, Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 814-817. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220854. |
Serial Interval and Incubation Period Estimates of Monkeypox Virus Infection in 12 Jurisdictions, United States, May–August 2022
Using data from 12 US health departments, we estimated mean serial interval for monkeypox virus infection to be 8.5 (95% credible interval 7.3–9.9) days for symptom onset, based on 57 case pairs. Mean estimated incubation period was 5.6 (95% credible interval 4.3–7.8) days for symptom onset, based on 35 case pairs.
EID | Madewell ZJ, Charniga K, Masters NB, Asher J, Fahrenwald L, Still W, et al. Serial Interval and Incubation Period Estimates of Monkeypox Virus Infection in 12 Jurisdictions, United States, May–August 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):818-821. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221622 |
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AMA | Madewell ZJ, Charniga K, Masters NB, et al. Serial Interval and Incubation Period Estimates of Monkeypox Virus Infection in 12 Jurisdictions, United States, May–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):818-821. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221622. |
APA | Madewell, Z. J., Charniga, K., Masters, N. B., Asher, J., Fahrenwald, L., Still, W....Gift, T. L. (2023). Serial Interval and Incubation Period Estimates of Monkeypox Virus Infection in 12 Jurisdictions, United States, May–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 818-821. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221622. |
Two-Year Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2, Verona, Italy, 2020‒2022
We performed a follow-up of a previously reported SARS-CoV-2 prevalence study (April‒May 2020) in Verona, Italy. Through May 2022, only <1.1% of the city population had never been infected or vaccinated; 8.8% was the officially reported percentage. Limiting protection measures and vaccination boosters to elderly and frail persons seems justified.
EID | Bisoffi Z, De Santis N, Piubelli C, Deiana M, Perandin F, Girardi P, et al. Two-Year Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2, Verona, Italy, 2020‒2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):822-825. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221268 |
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AMA | Bisoffi Z, De Santis N, Piubelli C, et al. Two-Year Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2, Verona, Italy, 2020‒2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):822-825. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221268. |
APA | Bisoffi, Z., De Santis, N., Piubelli, C., Deiana, M., Perandin, F., Girardi, P....Guerriero, M. (2023). Two-Year Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2, Verona, Italy, 2020‒2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 822-825. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221268. |
Chikungunya Outbreak in Country with Multiple Vectorborne Diseases, Djibouti, 2019–2020
During 2019–2020, a chikungunya outbreak occurred in Djibouti City, Djibouti, while dengue virus and malaria parasites were cocirculating. We used blotting paper to detect arbovirus emergence and confirm that it is a robust method for detecting and monitoring arbovirus outbreaks remotely.
EID | Javelle E, de Laval F, Durand G, Dia A, Ficko C, Bousquet A, et al. Chikungunya Outbreak in Country with Multiple Vectorborne Diseases, Djibouti, 2019–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):826-830. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221850 |
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AMA | Javelle E, de Laval F, Durand G, et al. Chikungunya Outbreak in Country with Multiple Vectorborne Diseases, Djibouti, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):826-830. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221850. |
APA | Javelle, E., de Laval, F., Durand, G., Dia, A., Ficko, C., Bousquet, A....de Santi, V. (2023). Chikungunya Outbreak in Country with Multiple Vectorborne Diseases, Djibouti, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 826-830. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221850. |
Research Letters
Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy
Causes of blackwater fever, a complication of malaria treatment, are not completely clear, and immune mechanisms might be involved. Clinical management is not standardized. We describe an episode of blackwater fever in a nonimmune 12-year-old girl in Italy who was treated with steroids, resulting in a rapid clinical resolution.
EID | Di Biase A, Buonfrate D, Stefanelli F, Zavarise G, Franceschini E, Mussini C, et al. Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):831-833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221267 |
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AMA | Di Biase A, Buonfrate D, Stefanelli F, et al. Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):831-833. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221267. |
APA | Di Biase, A., Buonfrate, D., Stefanelli, F., Zavarise, G., Franceschini, E., Mussini, C....Gobbi, F. (2023). Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 831-833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221267. |
Helicobacter ailurogastricus in Patient with Multiple Refractory Gastric Ulcers, Japan
We report the isolation of Helicobacter ailurogastricus, a Helicobacter species that infects cats and dogs, from a person with multiple refractory gastric ulcers. In addition to H. suis, which infects pigs, Helicobacter species that infect cats and dogs should be considered as potential gastric pathogens in humans.
EID | Sano M, Rimbara E, Suzuki M, Matsui H, Hirai M, Aoki S, et al. Helicobacter ailurogastricus in Patient with Multiple Refractory Gastric Ulcers, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):833-835. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221807 |
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AMA | Sano M, Rimbara E, Suzuki M, et al. Helicobacter ailurogastricus in Patient with Multiple Refractory Gastric Ulcers, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):833-835. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221807. |
APA | Sano, M., Rimbara, E., Suzuki, M., Matsui, H., Hirai, M., Aoki, S....Suzuki, H. (2023). Helicobacter ailurogastricus in Patient with Multiple Refractory Gastric Ulcers, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 833-835. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221807. |
Harbor Porpoise Deaths Associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the Netherlands, 2021
In August 2021, a large-scale mortality event affected harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Netherlands. Pathology and ancillary testing of 22 animals indicated that the most likely cause of death was Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. This zoonotic agent poses a health hazard for cetaceans and possibly for persons handling cetacean carcasses.
EID | IJsseldijk LL, Begeman L, Duim B, Gröne A, Kik M, Klijnstra MD, et al. Harbor Porpoise Deaths Associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):835-838. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221698 |
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AMA | IJsseldijk LL, Begeman L, Duim B, et al. Harbor Porpoise Deaths Associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):835-838. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221698. |
APA | IJsseldijk, L. L., Begeman, L., Duim, B., Gröne, A., Kik, M., Klijnstra, M. D....Broens, E. M. (2023). Harbor Porpoise Deaths Associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 835-838. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221698. |
Powassan Virus Infection Detected by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, Ohio, USA
We describe a 4-year-old male patient in Ohio, USA, who had encephalitis caused by Powassan virus lineage 2. Virus was detected by using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and confirmed with IgM and plaque reduction neutralization assays. Clinicians should recognize changing epidemiology of tickborne viruses to enhance encephalitis diagnosis and management.
EID | Farrington M, Elenz J, Ginsberg M, Chiu CY, Miller S, Pangonis SF. Powassan Virus Infection Detected by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, Ohio, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):838-841. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221005 |
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AMA | Farrington M, Elenz J, Ginsberg M, et al. Powassan Virus Infection Detected by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, Ohio, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):838-841. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221005. |
APA | Farrington, M., Elenz, J., Ginsberg, M., Chiu, C. Y., Miller, S., & Pangonis, S. F. (2023). Powassan Virus Infection Detected by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, Ohio, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 838-841. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221005. |
Rickettsia conorii Subspecies israelensis in Captive Baboons
Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) may transmit zoonotic vector-borne pathogens to visitors and workers frequenting zoological parks. We molecularly screened 33 baboons for vector-borne pathogens. Three (9.1%) of 33 animals tested positive for Rickettsia conorii subspecies israelensis. Clinicians should be aware of potential health risks from spatial overlapping between baboons and humans.
EID | Sgroi G, Iatta R, Carelli G, Uva A, Cavalera M, Laricchiuta P, et al. Rickettsia conorii Subspecies israelensis in Captive Baboons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):841-843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221176 |
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AMA | Sgroi G, Iatta R, Carelli G, et al. Rickettsia conorii Subspecies israelensis in Captive Baboons. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):841-843. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221176. |
APA | Sgroi, G., Iatta, R., Carelli, G., Uva, A., Cavalera, M., Laricchiuta, P....Otranto, D. (2023). Rickettsia conorii Subspecies israelensis in Captive Baboons. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 841-843. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221176. |
Prevention of Thelazia callipaeda Reinfection among Humans
Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic vector-borne nematode that infects and causes eye disease among a wide range of domestic and wild mammals, including humans. We describe an unusual case of reinfection by this nematode in Serbia and call for a focus on preventive measures in endemic areas.
EID | Trenkić M, Tasić-Otašević S, Bezerra-Santos M, Stalević M, Petrović A, Otranto D. Prevention of Thelazia callipaeda Reinfection among Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):843-845. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221610 |
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AMA | Trenkić M, Tasić-Otašević S, Bezerra-Santos M, et al. Prevention of Thelazia callipaeda Reinfection among Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):843-845. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221610. |
APA | Trenkić, M., Tasić-Otašević, S., Bezerra-Santos, M., Stalević, M., Petrović, A., & Otranto, D. (2023). Prevention of Thelazia callipaeda Reinfection among Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 843-845. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221610. |
Mpox in Young Woman with No Epidemiologic Risk Factors, Massachusetts, USA
We describe a case of mpox characterized by a circularly distributed facial rash but no identified risk factors. Fomite transmission of monkeypox virus from contaminated linen at a massage spa was suspected. Clinicians should consider mpox in patients with consistent clinical syndromes, even in the absence of epidemiologic risk factors.
EID | Siedner MJ, Trinidad J, Berto CG, Brown CM, Madoff LC, Lee EH, et al. Mpox in Young Woman with No Epidemiologic Risk Factors, Massachusetts, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):846-848. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221921 |
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AMA | Siedner MJ, Trinidad J, Berto CG, et al. Mpox in Young Woman with No Epidemiologic Risk Factors, Massachusetts, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):846-848. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221921. |
APA | Siedner, M. J., Trinidad, J., Berto, C. G., Brown, C. M., Madoff, L. C., Lee, E. H....Shenoy, E. S. (2023). Mpox in Young Woman with No Epidemiologic Risk Factors, Massachusetts, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 846-848. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221921. |
Retrospective Screening of Clinical Samples for Monkeypox Virus DNA, California, USA, 2022
We retrospectively screened oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples originally collected in California, USA, for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing for the presence of monkeypox virus DNA. Among 206 patients screened, 17 (8%) had samples with detectable viral DNA. Monkeypox virus testing from mucosal sites should be considered for at-risk patients.
EID | Contag CA, Lu J, Renfro ZT, Karan A, Salinas JL, Khan M, et al. Retrospective Screening of Clinical Samples for Monkeypox Virus DNA, California, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):848-850. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221576 |
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AMA | Contag CA, Lu J, Renfro ZT, et al. Retrospective Screening of Clinical Samples for Monkeypox Virus DNA, California, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):848-850. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221576. |
APA | Contag, C. A., Lu, J., Renfro, Z. T., Karan, A., Salinas, J. L., Khan, M....Pinsky, B. A. (2023). Retrospective Screening of Clinical Samples for Monkeypox Virus DNA, California, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 848-850. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221576. |
Human Metapneumovirus Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Spain
We describe an unusual outbreak of respiratory infections caused by human metapneumovirus in children during the sixth wave of COVID-19 in Spain, associated with the Omicron variant. Patients in this outbreak were older than usual and showed more hypoxia and pneumonia, longer length of stay, and greater need for intensive care.
EID | García-García ML, Pérez-Arenas E, Pérez-Hernandez P, Falces-Romero I, Ruiz S, Pozo F, et al. Human Metapneumovirus Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):850-852. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.230046 |
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AMA | García-García ML, Pérez-Arenas E, Pérez-Hernandez P, et al. Human Metapneumovirus Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):850-852. doi:10.3201/eid2904.230046. |
APA | García-García, M. L., Pérez-Arenas, E., Pérez-Hernandez, P., Falces-Romero, I., Ruiz, S., Pozo, F....Calvo, C. (2023). Human Metapneumovirus Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 850-852. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.230046. |
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden
We found highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b associated with meningoencephalitis in a stranded harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). The virus was closely related to strains responsible for a concurrent avian influenza outbreak in wild birds. This case highlights the potential risk for virus spillover to mammalian hosts.
EID | Thorsson E, Zohari S, Roos A, Banihashem F, Bröjer C, Neimanis A. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):852-855. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221426 |
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AMA | Thorsson E, Zohari S, Roos A, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):852-855. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221426. |
APA | Thorsson, E., Zohari, S., Roos, A., Banihashem, F., Bröjer, C., & Neimanis, A. (2023). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 852-855. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221426. |
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replacement of Delta as Predominant Variant, Puerto Rico
We reconstructed the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic caused by Omicron variant in Puerto Rico by sampling genomes collected during October 2021–May 2022. Our study revealed that Omicron BA.1 emerged and replaced Delta as the predominant variant in December 2021. Increased transmission rates and a dynamic landscape of Omicron sublineage infections followed.
EID | Santiago GA, Volkman HR, Flores B, González GL, Charriez KN, Huertas L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replacement of Delta as Predominant Variant, Puerto Rico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):855-857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221700 |
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AMA | Santiago GA, Volkman HR, Flores B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replacement of Delta as Predominant Variant, Puerto Rico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):855-857. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221700. |
APA | Santiago, G. A., Volkman, H. R., Flores, B., González, G. L., Charriez, K. N., Huertas, L....Muñoz-Jordan, J. L. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replacement of Delta as Predominant Variant, Puerto Rico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 855-857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221700. |
Experimental Infection of North American Deer Mice with Clade I and II Monkeypox Virus Isolates
The global spread of monkeypox virus has raised concerns over the establishment of novel enzootic reservoirs in expanded geographic regions. We demonstrate that although deer mice are permissive to experimental infection with clade I and II monkeypox viruses, the infection is short-lived and has limited capability for active transmission.
EID | Deschambault Y, Klassen L, Soule G, Tierney K, Azaransky K, Sloan A, et al. Experimental Infection of North American Deer Mice with Clade I and II Monkeypox Virus Isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):858-860. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221594 |
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AMA | Deschambault Y, Klassen L, Soule G, et al. Experimental Infection of North American Deer Mice with Clade I and II Monkeypox Virus Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):858-860. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221594. |
APA | Deschambault, Y., Klassen, L., Soule, G., Tierney, K., Azaransky, K., Sloan, A....Safronetz, D. (2023). Experimental Infection of North American Deer Mice with Clade I and II Monkeypox Virus Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 858-860. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221594. |
Orf Nodule with Erythema Multiforme during a Monkeypox Outbreak, France, 2022
A 26-year-old patient in France who worked as a butcher sought care initially for erythema multiforme. Clinical examination revealed a nodule with a crusty center, which upon investigation appeared to be an orf nodule. Diagnosis was confirmed by PCR. The patient was not isolated and had a favorable outcome after basic wound care.
EID | Cavalieri C, Dupond A, Ferrier-Rembert A, Ferraris O, Klopfenstein T, Zayet S. Orf Nodule with Erythema Multiforme during a Monkeypox Outbreak, France, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):860-862. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.230058 |
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AMA | Cavalieri C, Dupond A, Ferrier-Rembert A, et al. Orf Nodule with Erythema Multiforme during a Monkeypox Outbreak, France, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):860-862. doi:10.3201/eid2904.230058. |
APA | Cavalieri, C., Dupond, A., Ferrier-Rembert, A., Ferraris, O., Klopfenstein, T., & Zayet, S. (2023). Orf Nodule with Erythema Multiforme during a Monkeypox Outbreak, France, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 860-862. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.230058. |
SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana
To assess dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Greater Accra Region, Ghana, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from persons in the community and returning from international travel. The Accra Metropolitan District was a major origin of virus spread to other districts and should be a primary focus for interventions against future infectious disease outbreaks.
EID | Adu B, Bonney J, Egyir B, Otchere I, Asare P, Dennis FE, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):862-865. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221410 |
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AMA | Adu B, Bonney J, Egyir B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):862-865. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221410. |
APA | Adu, B., Bonney, J., Egyir, B., Otchere, I., Asare, P., Dennis, F. E....Odoom, J. K. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 862-865. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221410. |
Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022–23 Outbreak, Washington, USA
We sequenced 54 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genomes collected during 2021–22 and 2022–23 outbreaks in Washington, USA, to determine the origin of increased RSV cases. Detected RSV strains have been spreading for >10 years, suggesting a role for diminished population immunity from low RSV exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic.
EID | Goya S, Sereewit J, Pfalmer D, Nguyen TV, Bakhash S, Sobolik EB, et al. Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022–23 Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):865-868. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221834 |
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AMA | Goya S, Sereewit J, Pfalmer D, et al. Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022–23 Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):865-868. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221834. |
APA | Goya, S., Sereewit, J., Pfalmer, D., Nguyen, T. V., Bakhash, S., Sobolik, E. B....Greninger, A. L. (2023). Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022–23 Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 865-868. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221834. |
Books and Media
Infectious: Pathogens and How We Fight Them
EID | M’ikanatha NM. Infectious: Pathogens and How We Fight Them. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):869-870. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221820 |
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AMA | M’ikanatha NM. Infectious: Pathogens and How We Fight Them. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):869-870. doi:10.3201/eid2904.221820. |
APA | M’ikanatha, N. M. (2023). Infectious: Pathogens and How We Fight Them. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 869-870. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.221820. |
Etymologia
Etymologia: Haematospirillum jordaniae
EID | Partin C. Etymologia: Haematospirillum jordaniae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220831 |
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AMA | Partin C. Etymologia: Haematospirillum jordaniae. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):710. doi:10.3201/eid2904.220831. |
APA | Partin, C. (2023). Etymologia: Haematospirillum jordaniae. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 710. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220831. |
Online Reports
Global Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Equipment Management and Sustainability and Implications for Pandemic Preparedness Priorities
Substantial investments into laboratories, notably sophisticated equipment, have been made over time to detect emerging diseases close to their source. Diagnostic capacity has expanded as a result, but challenges have emerged. The Equipment Management and Sustainability Survey was sent to the Veterinary Services of 182 countries in mid-2019. We measured the status of forty types of laboratory equipment used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Of the 68,455 items reported from 227 laboratories in 136 countries, 22% (14,894/68,455) were improperly maintained, and 46% (29,957/65,490) were improperly calibrated. Notable differences were observed across World Bank income levels and regions, raising concerns about equipment reliability and the results they produce. Our results will advise partners and donors on how best to support low-resource veterinary laboratories to improve sustainability and fulfill their mandate toward pandemic prevention and preparedness, as well as encourage equipment manufacturers to spur innovation and develop more sustainable products that meet end-users’ needs.
EID | Lasley JN, Appiah EO, Kojima K, Blacksell SD. Global Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Equipment Management and Sustainability and Implications for Pandemic Preparedness Priorities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220778 |
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AMA | Lasley JN, Appiah EO, Kojima K, et al. Global Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Equipment Management and Sustainability and Implications for Pandemic Preparedness Priorities. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):1-12. doi:10.3201/eid2904.220778. |
APA | Lasley, J. N., Appiah, E. O., Kojima, K., & Blacksell, S. D. (2023). Global Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Equipment Management and Sustainability and Implications for Pandemic Preparedness Priorities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.220778. |
About the Cover
Specter of Epidemic Typhus
EID | Breedlove B. Specter of Epidemic Typhus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):871-872. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.ac2904 |
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AMA | Breedlove B. Specter of Epidemic Typhus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(4):871-872. doi:10.3201/eid2904.ac2904. |
APA | Breedlove, B. (2023). Specter of Epidemic Typhus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 871-872. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2904.ac2904. |