Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 32, Number 3—March 2026

Research

Strongyloides Genetic Diversity among Humans, Dogs, and Nonhuman Primates, Central African Republic, 2016–2022

Eva Nosková, Vladislav Ilík, Frédéric Stéphane Singa Niatou, Laurent Dumas, Terence Fuh, Jean-Francais Dicky, Terézia Kurucová, Vojtech Baláž, Klára Judita Petrželková, and Barbora PafčoComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (E. Nosková, V. Ilík, T. Kurucová); Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno (E. Nosková, V. Ilík, K.J. Petrželková, B. Pafčo); WWF Central African Republic Programme Office, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic (F.S. Singa Niatou, T. Fuh); Toulouse National School of Veterinarians, Toulouse, France (L. Dumas); University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno (V. Baláž)

Main Article

Figure 1

Location of study site in analysis of Strongyloides genetic diversity among humans, dogs, and nonhuman primates, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, 2016–2022. Inset shows location of Central African Republic in Africa. Figure adapted and adjusted from Hasegawa et al. (18).

Figure 1. Location of study site in analysis of Strongyloides genetic diversity among humans, dogs, and nonhuman primates, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, 2016–2022. Inset shows location of Central African Republic in Africa. Figure adapted and adjusted from Hasegawa et al. (18).

Main Article

References
  1. Bradbury  RS, Pafčo  B, Nosková  E, Hasegawa  H. Strongyloides genotyping: a review of methods and application in public health and population genetics. Int J Parasitol. 2021;51:115366. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Asundi  A, Beliavsky  A, Liu  XJ, Akaberi  A, Schwarzer  G, Bisoffi  Z, et al. Prevalence of strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis among migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e23648. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Buonfrate  D, Bisanzio  D, Giorli  G, Odermatt  P, Fürst  T, Greenaway  C, et al. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens. 2020;9:468. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Nutman  TB. Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species. Parasitology. 2017;144:26373. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Jaleta  TG, Zhou  S, Bemm  FM, Schär  F, Khieu  V, Muth  S, et al. Different but overlapping populations of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs and humans-Dogs as a possible source for zoonotic strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005752. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Nagayasu  E, Aung  MPPTHH, Hortiwakul  T, Hino  A, Tanaka  T, Higashiarakawa  M, et al. A possible origin population of pathogenic intestinal nematodes, Strongyloides stercoralis, unveiled by molecular phylogeny. Sci Rep. 2017;7:4844. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Gordon  CA, Utzinger  J, Muhi  S, Becker  SL, Keiser  J, Khieu  V, et al. Strongyloidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10:6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Buonfrate  D, Requena-Mendez  A, Angheben  A, Cinquini  M, Cruciani  M, Fittipaldo  A, et al. Accuracy of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006229. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Kuehne  A, Roberts  L. Learning from health information challenges in the Central African Republic: where documenting health and humanitarian needs requires fresh approaches. Confl Health. 2021;15:68. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. United Nations Development Programme. Human development insights [cited 2025 Feb 6]. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks
  11. Blom  A, Yamindou  J, Prins  HHT. Status of the protected areas of the Central African Republic. Biol Conserv. 2004;118:47987. DOIGoogle Scholar
  12. David  PM, Nakouné  E, Giles-Vernick  T. Hotspot or blind spot? Historical perspectives on surveillance and response to epidemics in the Central African Republic. Int J Public Health. 2020;65:2418. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Pedersen  AB, Davies  TJ. Cross-species pathogen transmission and disease emergence in primates. Ecohealth. 2009;6:496508. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Hasegawa  H, Kalousova  B, McLennan  MR, Modry  D, Profousova-Psenkova  I, Shutt-Phillips  KA, et al. Strongyloides infections of humans and great apes in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic and in degraded forest fragments in Bulindi, Uganda. Parasitol Int. 2016;65(5 Pt A):36770. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Wolfe  ND, Dunavan  CP, Diamond  J. Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature. 2007;447:27983. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases [cited 2025 Feb 6]. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/soil-transmitted-helminthiases.
  17. Pampiglione  S, Ricciardi  M. Parasitological survey on Pygmies in Central Africa. I. Babinga group (Central African Republic). Riv Parassitol. 1974;35:16188.
  18. Hasegawa  H, Modrý  D, Kitagawa  M, Shutt  KA, Todd  A, Kalousová  B, et al. Humans and great apes cohabiting the forest ecosystem in central african republic harbour the same hookworms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2715. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Verweij  JJ, Canales  M, Polman  K, Ziem  J, Brienen  EA, Polderman  AM, et al. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in faecal samples using real-time PCR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:3426. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Pafčo  B, Čížková  D, Kreisinger  J, Hasegawa  H, Vallo  P, Shutt  K, et al. Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5933. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Barratt  JLN, Lane  M, Talundzic  E, Richins  T, Robertson  G, Formenti  F, et al. A global genotyping survey of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni using deep amplicon sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007609. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Jiang  H, Lei  R, Ding  SW, Zhu  S. Skewer: a fast and accurate adapter trimmer for next-generation sequencing paired-end reads. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15:182. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Callahan  BJ, McMurdie  PJ, Rosen  MJ, Han  AW, Johnson  AJA, Holmes  SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13:5813. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Wang  Q, Garrity  GM, Tiedje  JM, Cole  JR. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:52617. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Bradbury  RS, Streit  A. Is strongyloidiasis a zoonosis from dogs? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2024;379:20220445. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Lapat  JJ, Opee  J, Apio  MC, Akello  S, Ojul  CL, Onekalit  R, et al. A One Health approach toward the control and elimination of soil-transmitted helminthic infections in endemic areas. IJID One Health. 2024;2:100021. DOIGoogle Scholar
  27. Nosková  E, Sambucci  KM, Petrželková  KJ, Červená  B, Modrý  D, Pafčo  B. Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2024;379:20230006. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Beknazarova  M, Barratt  JLN, Bradbury  RS, Lane  M, Whiley  H, Ross  K. Detection of classic and cryptic Strongyloides genotypes by deep amplicon sequencing: A preliminary survey of dog and human specimens collected from remote Australian communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007241. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Nijsse  R, Mughini-Gras  L, Wagenaar  JA, Ploeger  HW. Coprophagy in dogs interferes in the diagnosis of parasitic infections by faecal examination. Vet Parasitol. 2014;204:3049. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Sandground  JH. Biological studies on the life-cycle in the genus Strongyloides grassi, 1879. Am J Epidemiol. 1926;6:33788. DOIGoogle Scholar
  31. Richins  T, Sapp  SGH, Ketzis  JK, Willingham  AL, Mukaratirwa  S, Qvarnstrom  Y, et al. Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2023;20:15361. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Alum  A, Rubino  JR, Ijaz  MK. The global war against intestinal parasites—should we use a holistic approach? Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e7328. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Horton  J. Global anthelmintic chemotherapy programs: learning from history. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:4059. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. A F White  M, Whiley  H, E Ross  K. A review of Strongyloides spp. environmental sources worldwide. Pathogens. 2019;8:8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Khieu  V, Hattendorf  J, Schär  F, Marti  H, Char  MC, Muth  S, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis infection and re-infection in a cohort of children in Cambodia. Parasitol Int. 2014;63:70812. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Kamgno  J, Boussinesq  M, Labrousse  F, Nkegoum  B, Thylefors  BI, Mackenzie  CD. Encephalopathy after ivermectin treatment in a patient infected with Loa loa and Plasmodium spp. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:54651. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Zinsstag  J, Kaiser-Grolimund  A, Heitz-Tokpa  K, Sreedharan  R, Lubroth  J, Caya  F, et al. Advancing One human-animal-environment Health for global health security: what does the evidence say? Lancet. 2023;401:591604. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: February 07, 2026
Page updated: March 04, 2026
Page reviewed: March 04, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external