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Issue Cover for Volume 4, Number 1—March 1998

Volume 4, Number 1—March 1998

[PDF - 1.82 MB - 136 pages]

Perspective

Risk for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases in Central and South America [PDF - 35 KB - 7 pages]
G. A. Schmunis et al.

We report the potential risk for an infectious disease through tainted transfusion in 10 countries of South and Central America in 1993 and in two countries of South America in 1994, as well as the cost of reagents as partial estimation of screening costs. Of the 12 countries included in the study, nine screened all donors for HIV; three screened all donors for hepatitis B virus (HBV); two screened all donors for Trypanosoma cruzi; none screened all donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV); and six screened some donors for syphilis. Estimates of the risk of acquiring HIV through blood transfusion were much lower than for acquiring HBV, HCV, or T. cruzi because of significantly higher screening and lower prevalence rates for HIV. An index of infectious disease spread through blood transfusion was calculated for each country. The highest value was obtained for Bolivia (233 infections per 10,000 transfusions); in five other countries, it was 68 to 103 infections per 10,000. The risks were lower in Honduras (nine per 10,000), Ecuador (16 per 10,000), and Paraguay (19 per 10,000). While the real number of potentially infected units or infected persons is probably lower than our estimates because of false positives and already infected recipients, the data reinforce the need for an information system to assess the level of screening for infectious diseases in the blood supply. Since this information was collected, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela have made HCV screening mandatory; serologic testing for HCV has increased in those countries, as well as in El Salvador and Honduras. T. cruzi screening is now mandatory in Colombia, and the percentage of screened donors increased not only in Colombia, but also in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Paraguay. Laws to regulate blood transfusion practices have been enacted in Bolivia, Guatemala, and Peru. However, donor screening still needs to improve for one or more diseases in most countries.

EID Schmunis GA, Zicker F, Pinheiro F, Brandling-Bennett D. Risk for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases in Central and South America. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):5-11. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980102
AMA Schmunis GA, Zicker F, Pinheiro F, et al. Risk for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases in Central and South America. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):5-11. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980102.
APA Schmunis, G. A., Zicker, F., Pinheiro, F., & Brandling-Bennett, D. (1998). Risk for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases in Central and South America. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980102.

Calicivirus Emergence from Ocean Reservoirs: Zoonotic and Interspecies Movements [PDF - 117 KB - 8 pages]
A. W. Smith et al.

Caliciviral infections in humans, among the most common causes of viral-induced vomiting and diarrhea, are caused by the Norwalk group of small round structured viruses, the Sapporo caliciviruses, and the hepatitis E agent. Human caliciviruses have been resistant to in vitro cultivation, and direct study of their origins and reservoirs outside infected humans or water and foods (such as shellfish contaminated with human sewage) has been difficult. Modes of transmission, other than direct fecal-oral routes, are not well understood. In contrast, animal viruses found in ocean reservoirs, which make up a second calicivirus group, can be cultivated in vitro. These viruses can emerge and infect terrestrial hosts, including humans. This article reviews the history of animal caliciviruses, their eventual recognition as zoonotic agents, and their potential usefulness as a predictive model for noncultivatable human and other animal caliciviruses (e.g., those seen in association with rabbit hemorrhagic disease).

EID Smith AW, Skilling DE, Cherry N, Mead JH, Matson DO. Calicivirus Emergence from Ocean Reservoirs: Zoonotic and Interspecies Movements. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):13-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980103
AMA Smith AW, Skilling DE, Cherry N, et al. Calicivirus Emergence from Ocean Reservoirs: Zoonotic and Interspecies Movements. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):13-20. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980103.
APA Smith, A. W., Skilling, D. E., Cherry, N., Mead, J. H., & Matson, D. O. (1998). Calicivirus Emergence from Ocean Reservoirs: Zoonotic and Interspecies Movements. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980103.

Outbreak Investigations—A Perspective [PDF - 32 KB - 7 pages]
A. L. Reingold

Outbreak investigations, an important and challenging component of epidemiology and public health, can help identify the source of ongoing outbreaks and prevent additional cases. Even when an outbreak is over, a thorough epidemiologic and environmental investigation often can increase our knowledge of a given disease and prevent future outbreaks. Finally, outbreak investigations provide epidemiologic training and foster cooperation between the clinical and public health communities.

EID Reingold AL. Outbreak Investigations—A Perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):21-27. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980104
AMA Reingold AL. Outbreak Investigations—A Perspective. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):21-27. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980104.
APA Reingold, A. L. (1998). Outbreak Investigations—A Perspective. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980104.

International Editors Update: Emerging Infectious Diseases—Brazil [PDF - 53 KB - 3 pages]
H. Momen

In this new section, we welcome commentary and updates from our newly formed Board of International Editors. (See inside front cover for a list of names.)

EID Momen H. International Editors Update: Emerging Infectious Diseases—Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980101
AMA Momen H. International Editors Update: Emerging Infectious Diseases—Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):1-3. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980101.
APA Momen, H. (1998). International Editors Update: Emerging Infectious Diseases—Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980101.
Synopses

Genetic Diversity of Wild-Type Measles Viruses: Implications for Global Measles Elimination Programs [PDF - 82 KB - 6 pages]
W. J. Bellini and P. A. Rota

Wild-type measles viruses have been divided into distinct genetic groups according to the nucleotide sequences of their hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes. Most genetic groups have worldwide distribution; however, at least two of the groups appear to have a more limited circulation. To monitor the transmission pathways of measles virus, we observed the geographic distribution of genetic groups, as well as changes in them in a particular region over time. We found evidence of interruption of indigenous transmission of measles in the United States after 1993 and identified the sources of imported virus associated with cases and outbreaks after 1993. The pattern of measles genetic groups provided a means to describe measles outbreaks and assess the extent of virus circulation in a given area. We expect that molecular epidemiologic studies will become a powerful tool for evaluating strategies to control, eliminate, and eventually eradicate measles.

EID Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic Diversity of Wild-Type Measles Viruses: Implications for Global Measles Elimination Programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):29-34. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980105
AMA Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic Diversity of Wild-Type Measles Viruses: Implications for Global Measles Elimination Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):29-34. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980105.
APA Bellini, W. J., & Rota, P. A. (1998). Genetic Diversity of Wild-Type Measles Viruses: Implications for Global Measles Elimination Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980105.

Diversity among Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci [PDF - 66 KB - 11 pages]
B. E. Murray

Enterococci are associated with both community- and hospital-acquired infections. Even though they do not cause severe systemic inflammatory responses, such as septic shock, enterococci present a therapeutic challenge because of their resistance to a vast array of antimicrobial drugs, including cell-wall active agents, all commercially available aminoglycosides, penicillin and ampicillin, and vancomycin. The combination of the latter two occurs disproportionately in strains resistant to many other antimicrobial drugs. The propensity of enterococci to acquire resistance may relate to their ability to participate in various forms of conjugation, which can result in the spread of genes as part of conjugative transposons, pheromone-responsive plasmids, or broad host-range plasmids. Enterococcal hardiness likely adds to resistance by facilitating survival in the environment of a multidrug-resistant clone, thus enhancing potential spread from person to person. The combination of these attributes within the genus Enterococcus suggests that these bacteria and their resistance to antimicrobial drugs will continue to pose a challenge.

EID Murray BE. Diversity among Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):37-47. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980106
AMA Murray BE. Diversity among Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):37-47. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980106.
APA Murray, B. E. (1998). Diversity among Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980106.

Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy [PDF - 61 KB - 9 pages]
P. J. Rosenthal

The increasing resistance of malaria parasites to antimalarial drugs is a major contributor to the reemergence of the disease as a major public health problem and its spread in new locations and populations. Among potential targets for new modes of chemotherapy are malarial proteases, which appear to mediate processes within the erythrocytic malarial life cycle, including the rupture and invasion of infected erythrocytes and the degradation of hemoglobin by trophozoites. Cysteine and aspartic protease inhibitors are now under study as potential antimalarials. Lead compounds have blocked in vitro parasite development at nanomolar concentrations and cured malaria-infected mice. This review discusses available antimalarial agents and summarizes experimental results that support development of protease inhibitors as antimalarial drugs.

EID Rosenthal PJ. Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):49-57. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980107
AMA Rosenthal PJ. Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):49-57. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980107.
APA Rosenthal, P. J. (1998). Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980107.

Zoonotic Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in Developing Countries [PDF - 103 KB - 12 pages]
O. Cosivi et al.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that human tuberculosis (TB) incidence and deaths for 1990 to 1999 will be 88 million and 30 million, respectively, with most cases in developing countries. Zoonotic TB (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) is present in animals in most developing countries where surveillance and control activities are often inadequate or unavailable; therefore, many epidemiologic and public health aspects of infection remain largely unknown. We review available information on zoonotic TB in developing countries, analyze risk factors that may play a role in the disease, review recent WHO activities, and recommend actions to assess the magnitude of the problem and control the disease in humans and animals.

EID Cosivi O, Grange J, Daborn C, Raviglione M, Fujikura T, Cousins D, et al. Zoonotic Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in Developing Countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):59-70. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980108
AMA Cosivi O, Grange J, Daborn C, et al. Zoonotic Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):59-70. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980108.
APA Cosivi, O., Grange, J., Daborn, C., Raviglione, M., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D....Meslin, F. (1998). Zoonotic Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980108.

What Makes Cryptococcus neoformans a Pathogen? [PDF - 141 KB - 13 pages]
K. L. Buchanan and J. W. Murphy

Life-threatening infections caused by the encapsulated fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans have been increasing steadily over the past 10 years because of the onset of AIDS and the expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs. Intricate host-organism interactions make the full understanding of pathogenicity and virulence of C. neoformans difficult. We discuss the current knowledge of the characteristics C. neoformans must possess to enter the host and establish progressive disease: basic growth requirements and virulence factors, such as the polysaccharide capsule; shed products of the organism; melanin production; mannitol secretion; superoxide dismutase; proteases; and phospholipases.

EID Buchanan KL, Murphy JW. What Makes Cryptococcus neoformans a Pathogen?. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):71-83. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980109
AMA Buchanan KL, Murphy JW. What Makes Cryptococcus neoformans a Pathogen?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):71-83. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980109.
APA Buchanan, K. L., & Murphy, J. W. (1998). What Makes Cryptococcus neoformans a Pathogen?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980109.
Dispatches

Hantavirus Infection in Children in Argentina [PDF - 29 KB - 3 pages]
N. C. Pini et al.

Clinical hantavirus infection was diagnosed in five Argentine children ages 5 to 11 years by immunoglobulin M (IgM)- capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antigens. Death in three of the children was associated with absence of detectable IgG to SNV antigens. An additional two cases in healthy children were studied: one, a breast-fed 15-month-old whose mother died of suspected hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) 8 months previously, had hantavirus IgG(> 1:6400); a second, whose mother survived HPS during month three of pregnancy, apparently had maternal antibodies no longer detectable 1 year after birth.

EID Pini NC, Resa A, Laime Gd, Lecot G, Ksiazek TG, Levis S, et al. Hantavirus Infection in Children in Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):85-87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980110
AMA Pini NC, Resa A, Laime Gd, et al. Hantavirus Infection in Children in Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):85-87. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980110.
APA Pini, N. C., Resa, A., Laime, G. d., Lecot, G., Ksiazek, T. G., Levis, S....Enria, D. A. (1998). Hantavirus Infection in Children in Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 85-87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980110.

Reemergence of Dengue in Cuba: A 1997 Epidemic in Santiago de Cuba [PDF - 22 KB - 4 pages]
G. Kourí et al.

After 15 years of absence, dengue reemerged in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba because of increasing migration to the area by people from disease-endemic regions, a high level of vector infestation, and the breakdown of eradication measures. The 1997 epidemic was detected early through an active surveillance system. Of 2,946 laboratory-confirmed cases, 205 were dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 12 were fatal. No deaths were reported in persons under 16 years of age. Now the epidemic is fully controlled.

EID Kourí G, Guzmán MG, Valdés L, Carbonel I, del Rosario D, Vazquez S, et al. Reemergence of Dengue in Cuba: A 1997 Epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):89-92. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980111
AMA Kourí G, Guzmán MG, Valdés L, et al. Reemergence of Dengue in Cuba: A 1997 Epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):89-92. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980111.
APA Kourí, G., Guzmán, M. G., Valdés, L., Carbonel, I., del Rosario, D., Vazquez, S....Cabrera, M. V. (1998). Reemergence of Dengue in Cuba: A 1997 Epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 89-92. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980111.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in a Chilean Patient with Recent Travel in Bolivia [PDF - 17 KB - 3 pages]
R. Espinoza et al.

A case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was serologically confirmed in a critically ill patient in Santiago, Chile. The patient's clinical course had many similarities to that of other HPS patients in North and South America but was complicated by acute severe renal failure. The patient's history included self-reported urban and probable rural rodent exposure during travel in Bolivia. Comparison of a viral sequence from an acute-phase serum sample with other known hantaviruses showed that the hantavirus nucleic acid sequence from the patient was very similar to a virus recently isolated from rodents associated with HPS cases in Paraguay.

EID Espinoza R, Vial P, Noriega LM, Johnson A, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, et al. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in a Chilean Patient with Recent Travel in Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):93-95. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980112
AMA Espinoza R, Vial P, Noriega LM, et al. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in a Chilean Patient with Recent Travel in Bolivia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):93-95. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980112.
APA Espinoza, R., Vial, P., Noriega, L. M., Johnson, A., Nichol, S. T., Rollin, P. E....Ksiazek, T. G. (1998). Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in a Chilean Patient with Recent Travel in Bolivia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 93-95. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980112.

Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a Rural New Jersey County [PDF - 37 KB - 3 pages]
S. Varde et al.

To assess the potential risk for other tick-borne diseases, we collected 100 adult Ixodes scapularis in Hunterdon County, a rapidly developing rural county in Lyme disease–endemic western New Jersey. We tested the ticks by polymerase chain reaction for Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and the rickettsial agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Fifty-five ticks were infected with at least one of the three pathogens: 43 with B. burgdorferi, five with B. microti, and 17 with the HGE agent. Ten ticks were coinfected with two of the pathogens. The results suggest that county residents are at considerable risk for infection by a tick-borne pathogen after an I. scapularis bite.

EID Varde S, Beckley J, Schwartz I. Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a Rural New Jersey County. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):97-99. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980113
AMA Varde S, Beckley J, Schwartz I. Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a Rural New Jersey County. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):97-99. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980113.
APA Varde, S., Beckley, J., & Schwartz, I. (1998). Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a Rural New Jersey County. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 97-99. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980113.

Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar [PDF - 58 KB - 4 pages]
S. Chanteau et al.

Human cases of plague, which had virtually disappeared in Madagascar after the 1930s, reappeared in 1990 with more than 200 confirmed or presumptive cases reported each year since. In the port of Mahajanga, plague has been reintroduced, and epidemics occur every year. In Antananarivo, the capital, the number of new cases has increased, and many rodents are infected with Yersinia pestis. Despite surveillance for the sensitivity of Y. pestis and fleas to drugs and insecticides and control measures to prevent the spread of sporadic cases, the elimination of plague has been difficult because the host and reservoir of the bacillus, Rattus rattus, is both a domestic and a sylvatic rat.

EID Chanteau S, Ratsifasoamanana L, Rasoamanana B, Rahalison L, Randriambelosoa J, Roux J, et al. Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):101-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980114
AMA Chanteau S, Ratsifasoamanana L, Rasoamanana B, et al. Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):101-104. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980114.
APA Chanteau, S., Ratsifasoamanana, L., Rasoamanana, B., Rahalison, L., Randriambelosoa, J., Roux, J....Rabeson, D. (1998). Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 101-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980114.

Bayou Virus-Associated Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Eastern Texas: Identification of the Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, as Reservoir Host [PDF - 276 KB - 7 pages]
N. Torrez-Martinez et al.

We describe the third known case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) due to Bayou virus, from Jefferson County, Texas. By using molecular epidemiologic methods, we show that rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) are frequently infected with Bayou virus and that viral RNA sequences from HPS patients are similar to those from nearby rice rats. Bayou virus is associated with O. palustris; this rodent appears to be its predominant reservoir host.

EID Torrez-Martinez N, Bharadwaj M, Goade D, Delury J, Moran P, Hicks B, et al. Bayou Virus-Associated Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Eastern Texas: Identification of the Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, as Reservoir Host. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):105-111. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980115
AMA Torrez-Martinez N, Bharadwaj M, Goade D, et al. Bayou Virus-Associated Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Eastern Texas: Identification of the Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, as Reservoir Host. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):105-111. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980115.
APA Torrez-Martinez, N., Bharadwaj, M., Goade, D., Delury, J., Moran, P., Hicks, B....Hjelle, B. (1998). Bayou Virus-Associated Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Eastern Texas: Identification of the Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, as Reservoir Host. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980115.

Laboratory Survey of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in New York City, 1993—1995 [PDF - 24 KB - 4 pages]
R. Heffernan et al.

Wide geographic variation in the prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrates the importance of tracking antimicrobial resistance locally. This survey of hospital microbiology laboratories in New York City found that penicillin resistance (MIC > 2.0 μg/ml) increased from 1.5% of S. pneumoniae isolates in 1993 to 6.3% in 1995 and that in 1995, one-third of isolates nonsusceptible to penicillin (MIC > 0.1 µg/ml) were also nonsusceptible to an extended-spectrum cephalosporin (MIC > 1 µg/ml).

EID Heffernan R, Henning K, Labowitz A, Hjelte A, Layton M. Laboratory Survey of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in New York City, 1993—1995. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):113-116. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980116
AMA Heffernan R, Henning K, Labowitz A, et al. Laboratory Survey of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in New York City, 1993—1995. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):113-116. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980116.
APA Heffernan, R., Henning, K., Labowitz, A., Hjelte, A., & Layton, M. (1998). Laboratory Survey of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in New York City, 1993—1995. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 113-116. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980116.

B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States? [PDF - 24 KB - 5 pages]
S. R. Ostrowski et al.

Of primary concern when evaluating macaque bites are bacterial and B-virus infections. B-virus infection is highly prevalent (80% to 90%) in adult macaques and may cause a potentially fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. We examined seven nonoccupational exposure incidents involving 24 persons and eight macaques. Six macaques were tested for herpes B; four (67%) were seropositive. A common observation was that children were more than three times as likely to be bitten than adults. The virus must be assumed to be a potential health hazard in macaque bite wounds; this risk makes macaques unsuitable as pets.

EID Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, Abelt S, Piercy PE. B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):117-121. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980117
AMA Ostrowski SR, Leslie MJ, Parrott T, et al. B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):117-121. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980117.
APA Ostrowski, S. R., Leslie, M. J., Parrott, T., Abelt, S., & Piercy, P. E. (1998). B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980117.
Letters

Infectious Diseases and Mental Illness: Is There a Link? [PDF - 17 KB - 2 pages]
E. McSweegan
EID McSweegan E. Infectious Diseases and Mental Illness: Is There a Link?. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):123-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980118
AMA McSweegan E. Infectious Diseases and Mental Illness: Is There a Link?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):123-124. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980118.
APA McSweegan, E. (1998). Infectious Diseases and Mental Illness: Is There a Link?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 123-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980118.

Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Bacteremia in an AIDS Patient [PDF - 18 KB - 2 pages]
J. Mayo et al.
EID Mayo J, Collazos J, Martínez E. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Bacteremia in an AIDS Patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):124-125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980119
AMA Mayo J, Collazos J, Martínez E. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Bacteremia in an AIDS Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):124-125. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980119.
APA Mayo, J., Collazos, J., & Martínez, E. (1998). Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Bacteremia in an AIDS Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 124-125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980119.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Colombia [PDF - 17 KB - 2 pages]
S. Mattar and E. Vásquez
EID Mattar S, Vásquez E. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):126-127. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980120
AMA Mattar S, Vásquez E. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):126-127. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980120.
APA Mattar, S., & Vásquez, E. (1998). Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 126-127. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980120.

Autofluorescence and the Detection of Cyclospora Oocysts [PDF - 17 KB - 2 pages]
O. Berlin et al.
EID Berlin O, Peter J, Gagne C, Conteas C, Ash L. Autofluorescence and the Detection of Cyclospora Oocysts. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):127-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980121
AMA Berlin O, Peter J, Gagne C, et al. Autofluorescence and the Detection of Cyclospora Oocysts. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):127-128. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980121.
APA Berlin, O., Peter, J., Gagne, C., Conteas, C., & Ash, L. (1998). Autofluorescence and the Detection of Cyclospora Oocysts. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 127-128. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980121.

Partnerships for Detecting Emerging Infectious Diseases: Nepal and Global Influenza Surveillance [PDF - 20 KB - 3 pages]
J. M. Gambel et al.
EID Gambel JM, Shlim DR, Canas LC, Cox NJ, Regnery HL, Scott RM, et al. Partnerships for Detecting Emerging Infectious Diseases: Nepal and Global Influenza Surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):128-130. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980122
AMA Gambel JM, Shlim DR, Canas LC, et al. Partnerships for Detecting Emerging Infectious Diseases: Nepal and Global Influenza Surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):128-130. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980122.
APA Gambel, J. M., Shlim, D. R., Canas, L. C., Cox, N. J., Regnery, H. L., Scott, R. M....Kelley, P. W. (1998). Partnerships for Detecting Emerging Infectious Diseases: Nepal and Global Influenza Surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 128-130. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980122.

HIV-2 Infection and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dual Reactivity in Patients With and Without AIDS-Related Symptoms in Gabon [PDF - 15 KB - 2 pages]
C. Tevi-Benissan et al.
EID Tevi-Benissan C, Okome M, Makuwa M, Nkoume MN, Lansoud-Soukate J, Georges A, et al. HIV-2 Infection and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dual Reactivity in Patients With and Without AIDS-Related Symptoms in Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):130-131. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980123
AMA Tevi-Benissan C, Okome M, Makuwa M, et al. HIV-2 Infection and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dual Reactivity in Patients With and Without AIDS-Related Symptoms in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):130-131. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980123.
APA Tevi-Benissan, C., Okome, M., Makuwa, M., Nkoume, M. N., Lansoud-Soukate, J., Georges, A....Belec, L. (1998). HIV-2 Infection and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dual Reactivity in Patients With and Without AIDS-Related Symptoms in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 130-131. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980123.

Q Fever in French Guiana: New Trends [PDF - 17 KB - 2 pages]
F. Pfaff et al.
EID Pfaff F, François A, Hommel D, Jeanne I, Margery J, Guillot G, et al. Q Fever in French Guiana: New Trends. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):131-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980124
AMA Pfaff F, François A, Hommel D, et al. Q Fever in French Guiana: New Trends. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):131-132. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980124.
APA Pfaff, F., François, A., Hommel, D., Jeanne, I., Margery, J., Guillot, G....Talarmin, A. (1998). Q Fever in French Guiana: New Trends. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 131-132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980124.

Ebola/Athens Revisited
P. Olson et al.
EID Olson P, Benenson A, Genovese E. Ebola/Athens Revisited. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980127
AMA Olson P, Benenson A, Genovese E. Ebola/Athens Revisited. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):134. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980127.
APA Olson, P., Benenson, A., & Genovese, E. (1998). Ebola/Athens Revisited. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980127.

Ixodes dammini: A Junior Synonym for Ixodes scapularis [PDF - 13 KB - 1 page]
M. Sanders
EID Sanders M. Ixodes dammini: A Junior Synonym for Ixodes scapularis. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980125
AMA Sanders M. Ixodes dammini: A Junior Synonym for Ixodes scapularis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):132. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980125.
APA Sanders, M. (1998). Ixodes dammini: A Junior Synonym for Ixodes scapularis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980125.

The Name Ixodes dammini Epidemiologically Justified [PDF - 20 KB - 3 pages]
S. R. Telford
EID Telford SR. The Name Ixodes dammini Epidemiologically Justified. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):132-134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980126
AMA Telford SR. The Name Ixodes dammini Epidemiologically Justified. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):132-134. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980126.
APA Telford, S. R. (1998). The Name Ixodes dammini Epidemiologically Justified. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 132-134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980126.
About the Cover

Landscape with Metallic Interventions
Conference Summaries

The Hot Zone—1997: Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases [PDF - 26 KB - 10 pages]
R. N. Greenberg et al.
EID Greenberg RN, Feinberg JE, Pomeroy C. The Hot Zone—1997: Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):135-140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980128
AMA Greenberg RN, Feinberg JE, Pomeroy C. The Hot Zone—1997: Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):135-140. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980128.
APA Greenberg, R. N., Feinberg, J. E., & Pomeroy, C. (1998). The Hot Zone—1997: Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980128.

International Meeting on Borreliosis, Prague, Czech Republic [PDF - 19 KB - 1 page]
D. Hulínská and J. Bašta
EID Hulínská D, Bašta J. International Meeting on Borreliosis, Prague, Czech Republic. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980129
AMA Hulínská D, Bašta J. International Meeting on Borreliosis, Prague, Czech Republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):140. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980129.
APA Hulínská, D., & Bašta, J. (1998). International Meeting on Borreliosis, Prague, Czech Republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980129.

Workshop on Climate Change and Vector-Borne and Other Infectious Diseases [PDF - 30 KB - 1 page]
EID Workshop on Climate Change and Vector-Borne and Other Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980130
AMA Workshop on Climate Change and Vector-Borne and Other Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998;4(1):140. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980130.
APA (1998). Workshop on Climate Change and Vector-Borne and Other Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980130.
Page created: September 07, 2011
Page updated: September 07, 2011
Page reviewed: September 07, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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