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Volume 31, Number 10—October 2025

Research

Comparative Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovers Paratyphi A and Typhi Causing Enteric Fever, Bangladesh, 2018–2020

Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman1Comments to Author , Md Golam Firoj1, Se Eun Park1, Farhana Khanam1, Suneth Agampodi1, Kassa Haile1, Edilawit Mesfin, Faisal Ahmmed, Md Taufiqul Islam, Ashraful Islam Khan, Fahima Chowdhury, Afroza Akter, Martin Bundi Mwebia, Justin Im, Natasha Y. Rickett, Cecilia Kathure Mbae, Asma Binte Aziz, Beatrice Ongadi, Moses Mwangi, Benjamin Ngugi, Meseret Gebre Behute, Kelvin Kering, Suman Kanungo, Xinxue Liu, Deok Ryun Kim, Andrew J. Pollard, K Zaman2, Samuel Kariuki2, Firdausi Qadri2, and John D. Clemens2
Author affiliation: icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh (S.I.A. Rahman, M.G. Firoj, F. Khanam, F. Ahmmed, M.T. Islam, A.I. Khan, F. Chowdhury, A. Akter, K. Zaman, F. Qadri, J.D. Clemens); Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea (S.E. Park); International Vaccine Institute, Seoul (S.E. Park, S. Agampodi, N.Y. Rickett, A.B. Aziz, M.G. Behute, D.R. Kim, J.D. Clemens); Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (K. Haile, E. Mesfin); Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (M.B. Mwebia, C.K. Mbae, B. Ongadi, M. Mwangi, B. Ngugi, K. Kering, S. Kariuki); RIGHT Foundation, Seoul (J. Im); ICMR, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India (S. Kanungo); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (X. Liu, A.J. Pollard); NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (A.J. Pollard); UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA (J.D. Clemens); Korea University Vaccine Innovation Center, Seoul (J.D. Clemens)

Main Article

Figure 1

Study area for comparative epidemiologic study of Salmonella enterica Serovers A and Typhi causing enteric fever, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018–2020. A) Study areas (green) and sentinel surveillance healthcare facilities (red stars). B) Clusters within the study area in Vi-TT effectiveness trial; orange shows JE cluster and blue shows Vi-TT cluster. Maps were generated using OpenStreetMap (http://www.OpenStreetMap.org), Esri World Street Map (http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/World_Street_Map), and Dhaka North City Corporation Administration Map (https://dncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/52cb2e96-9af8-4e8c-ab22-b542e0cc373c); maps were digitized and updated by icddr,b. JE, Japanese encephalitis vaccine; Vi-TT, Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine.

Figure 1. Study area for comparative epidemiologic study of Salmonella enterica Serovers A and Typhi causing enteric fever, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018–2020. A) Study areas (green) and sentinel surveillance healthcare facilities (red stars). B) Clusters within the study area in Vi-TT effectiveness trial; orange shows JE cluster and blue shows Vi-TT cluster. Maps were generated using OpenStreetMap (http://www.OpenStreetMap.org), Esri World Street Map (http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/World_Street_Map), and Dhaka North City Corporation Administration Map (https://dncc.portal.gov.bd/site/page/52cb2e96-9af8-4e8c-ab22-b542e0cc373c); maps were digitized and updated by icddr,b. JE, Japanese encephalitis vaccine; Vi-TT, Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

2Thes authors contributed as joint senior authors.

Page created: August 12, 2025
Page updated: September 25, 2025
Page reviewed: September 25, 2025
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