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Volume 31, Number 10—October 2025

Comparative Epidemiology of Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Typhi Causing Enteric Fever, Bangladesh, 2018–2020

Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman¹

, Md Golam Firoj¹, Se Eun Park¹, Farhana Khanam¹, Suneth Agampodi¹, Kassa Haile¹, Edilawit Mesfin, Faisal Ahmmed, Md Taufiqul Islam, Ashraful Islam Khan, Fahima Chowdhury, Afroza Akter, Martin Bundi Mwebia, Justin Im, Natasha Y. Rickett, Cecilia Kathure Mbae, Asma Binte Aziz, Beatrice Ongadi, Moses Mwangi, Benjamin Ngugi, Meseret Gebre Behute, Kelvin Kering, Suman Kanungo, Xinxue Liu, Deok Ryun Kim, Andrew J. Pollard, K Zaman², Samuel Kariuki², Firdausi Qadri², and John D. Clemens²

Author affiliation: icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh (S.I.A. Rahman, M.G. Firoj, F. Khanam, F. Ahmmed, M.T. Islam, A.I. Khan, F. Chowdhury, A. Akter, K. Zaman, F. Qadri, J.D. Clemens); Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul (S.E. Park); International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea (S.E. Park, S. Agampodi, N.Y. Rickett, A.B. Aziz, M.G. Behute, D.R. Kim, J.D. Clemens); Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (K. Haile, E. Mesfin); Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (M.B. Mwebia, C.K. Mbae, B. Ongadi, M. Mwangi, B. Ngugi, K. Kering, S. Kariuki); RIGHT Foundation, Seoul (J. Im); ICMR, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India (S. Kanungo); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (X. Liu, A.J. Pollard); NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (A.J. Pollard); UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA (J.D. Clemens); Korea University Vaccine Innovation Center, Seoul (J.D. Clemens)

Main Article

Incidence rate of Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Typhi disease from a closed cohort in epidemiologic study of Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Typhi, Bangladesh, 2018–2020*

Characteristic	Total participants	Salmonella Paratyphi A				No. in JE arm	Salmonella Typhi
Characteristic	Total participants	PY	No. cases	IR (95% CI)	p value†	No. in JE arm	PY	No. cases	IR (95% CI)	p value†
Overall	206,065	320,486	87	27 (22–33)	NA	103,216	160,790	323	201 (180–224)	NA
Cluster					0.461					NA
JE cluster	103,216	161,022	47	29 (22–38)		103,216	160,790	323	201 (180–224)
Vi-TT cluster	102,849	159,464	40	25 (18–34)		NA	NA	NA	NA
Age at baseline, y					<0.001					<0.001
<2	8,166	11,936	4	34 (11–80)		4,108	5,953	46	773 (573–1,021)
2–4	12,494	19,545	14	72 (41–117)		6,284	9,809	87	887 (715–1,088)
5 to <16	43,991	70,744	43	61 (45–81)		21,817	35,092	141	402 (340–472)
>16	141,414	218,260	26	12 (8–17)		71,007	109,935	49	45 (33–58)
<16	64,651	102,225	61	60 (46–76)	<0.001	32,209	50,854	274	539 (478–605)	<0.001
>16	141,414	218,260	26	12 (8–17)		71,007	109,935	49	45 (33–58)
Sex					0.328					0.622
M	102,382	160,393	48	30 (22–39)		51,288	80,523	166	206 (177–239)
F	103,683	160,093	39	24 (18–33)		51,928	80,267	157	196 (167–228)

*IR, incidence rate, cases/100,000 persons/year; JE, Japanese encephalitis vaccine; NA, not applicable; PY, person-year; Vi-TT, Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. †p values determined by likelihood ratio test from the Cox-PH model.

Main Article

¹These first authors contributed equally to this article.

²Thes authors contributed as joint senior authors.

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Page updated: September 08, 2025

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