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Volume 32, Supplement –Summer 2026
SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Supplement
Evaluation of Detection Methods for Wastewater Surveillance of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Healthcare Facilities
Ean Warren, James VanDerslice, L. Scott Benson, William J. Brazelton, Windy Tanner, Amanda K. Lyons, Florence Whitehill, Angela Coulliette-Salmond, Sydney Fusco, and Jennifer Weidhaas
Table 7
Concentrations of carbapenemase genes collected with passive samplers by month and frequency of carbapenemase gene detection over 16 months in study of detection methods for wastewater surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from healthcare facilities*
| Month, no. samples | log GC/mL, mean +SD (no. [%] detected)† |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| blaKPC | blaOXA-48-like | blaVIM | blaNDM | blaIMP | |
| 2023 Jan, n = 1 | 8.03 (1 [100]) | 6.8 (1 [100]) | 7.9 (1 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2023 Feb, n = 2 | 7.5 + 0.1 (2 [100]) | 5.9 + 0.1 (2 [100]) | 7.9 + 0.2 (2 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2023 Mar | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
| 2023 Apr, n = 1 | 9.0 (1 [100]) | 6.2 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 May, n = 8 | 8.5 + 0.6 (8 [100]) | 7.0 + 0.7 (8 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Jun, n = 9 | 8.3 + 0.5 (9 [100]) | 6.9 + 0.4 (9 [100]) | 6.8 (1 [11]) | ND | ND |
| 2023 Jul, n = 7 | 8.3 + 0.3 (6 [86]) | 6.5 + 0.2 (6 [86]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Aug, n = 7 | 7.9 + 0.3 (7 [100]) | 6.4 + 0.1 (6 [86]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Sep, n = 3 | 8.0 + 0.5 (3 [100]) | 6.4 + 0.4 (3 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Oct, n = 3 | 7.9 + 0.2 (3 [100]) | 6.1 + 0.1 (3 [100]) | 6.4 (1 [33]) | 5.4 (1 [33]) | ND |
| 2023 Nov, n = 4 | 8.1 + 0.4 (4 [100]) | 6.1 + 0.2 (4 [100]) | 6.0 + 0.2 (3 [75]) | 6.0 (1 [25]) | ND |
| 2023 Dec, n = 2 | 7.8 + 0.001 (2 [100]) | 6.3 + 0.2 (2 [100]) | 6.4 + 0.1 (2 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2024 Jan, n = 2 | 7.9 + 0.03 (2 [100]) | 6.5 + 0.1 (2 [100]) | 6.3 + 0.1 (2 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2024 Feb, n = 2 | 8.3 + 0.7 (2 [100]) | 6.8 + 0.5 (2 [100]) | 6.4 + 0.2 (2 [100]) | 5.1 (1 [50]) | 7.9 + 0.3 (2 [100]) |
| 2024 Mar, n = 2 | 8.2 + 0.7 (2 [100]) | 7.0 + 0.9 (2 [100]) | 6.2 (1 [50]) | 5.4 (1 [50]) | 7.8 (1 [50]) |
| 2024 Apr, n = 2 |
8.0 + 0.6 (2 [100]) |
6.7 + 0.2 (2 [100]) |
6.2 + 0.5 (2 [100]) |
6.1 (1 [50]) |
7.6 + 0.2 (2 [100]) |
| Total (% positive), n = 55 | 54 (98) | 53 (96) | 17 (31) | 5 (9) | 5 (9) |
*GC, gene copies; ND, not detected. †Concentrations without SD indicate carbapenemase genes were detected in only 1 sample among multiple sampling dates in a month or only 1 sampling date in a month.
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Page updated: July 31, 2026
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