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Volume 32, Supplement –Summer 2026
SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Supplement
Evaluation of Detection Methods for Wastewater Surveillance of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Healthcare Facilities
Ean Warren, James VanDerslice, L. Scott Benson, William J. Brazelton, Windy Tanner, Amanda K. Lyons, Florence Whitehill, Angela Coulliette-Salmond, Sydney Fusco, and Jennifer Weidhaas
Table 8
Concentrations of carbapenemase genes observed in sewer biofilms by month and frequency of carbapenemase gene detection over 16 months in study of detection methods for wastewater surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from healthcare facilities*
| Month, no. samples | log GC/cm2, mean +SD (no. [%] detected)† |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| blaKPC | blaOXA-48-like | blaVIM | blaNDM | blaIMP | |
| 2023 Jan, n = 1 | 4.6 (1 [100]) | 3.9 (1 [100]) | 6.9 (1 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2023 Feb, n = 1 | 4.4 (1 [100]) | 3.9 (1 [100]) | 6.0 (1 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2023 Mar, n = 1 | 5.6 (1 [100]) | 3.5 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Apr | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
| 2023 May, n = 1 | 6.9 (1 [100]) | 5.7 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Jun, n = 1 | 6.0 (1 [100]) | 5.0 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Jul | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
| 2023 Aug, n = 1 | 4.5 (1 [100]) | 4.0 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Sep, n = 1 | 6.3 (1 [100]) | 5.6 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Oct, n = 1 | 5.4 (1 [100]) | 4.5 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Nov, n = 3 | 5.6 + 0.8 (3 [100]) | 4.2 + 1.1 (3 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2023 Dec, n = 1 | 4.8 (1 [100]) | 4.1 (1 [100]) | 5.0 (1 [100]) | ND | ND |
| 2024 Jan, n = 1 | 5.0 (1 [100]) | 4.1 (1 [100]) | ND | ND | ND |
| 2024 Feb, n = 1 | 5.3 (1 [100]) | 5.5 (1 [100]) | ND | 6.8 (1 [100]) | ND |
| 2024 Mar, n = 1 | 5.1 (1 [100]) | 4.8 (1 [100]) | ND | 4.5 (1 [100]) | 6.5 (1 [100]) |
| 2024 Apr, n = 2 |
4.3 + 0.7 (2 [100]) |
4.5 + 0.2 (2 [100]) |
4.2 (1 [50]) |
5.0 + 0.1 (2 [100]) |
6.3 + 0.2 (2 [100]) |
| Total (% positive), n = 17 | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 4 (24) | 4 (24) | 3 (18) |
*GC, gene copies; ND, not detected. †Concentrations without SD indicate carbapenemase genes were detected in only 1 sample among multiple sampling dates in a month or only 1 sampling date in a month.
Page created: May 26, 2026
Page updated: July 31, 2026
Page reviewed: July 31, 2026
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