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Issue Cover for Volume 15, Number 9—September 2009

Volume 15, Number 9—September 2009

[PDF - 15.65 MB - 211 pages]

Perspective

Using Satellite Images of Environmental Changes to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks [PDF - 418 KB - 6 pages]
T. E. Ford et al.

Recent events clearly illustrate a continued vulnerability of large populations to infectious diseases, which is related to our changing human-constructed and natural environments. A single person with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in 2007 provided a wake-up call to the United States and global public health infrastructure, as the health professionals and the public realized that today’s ease of airline travel can potentially expose hundreds of persons to an untreatable disease associated with an infectious agent. Ease of travel, population increase, population displacement, pollution, agricultural activity, changing socioeconomic structures, and international conflicts worldwide have each contributed to infectious disease events. Today, however, nothing is larger in scale, has more potential for long-term effects, and is more uncertain than the effects of climate change on infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. We discuss advances in our ability to predict these events and, in particular, the critical role that satellite imaging could play in mounting an effective response.

EID Ford TE, Colwell RR, Rose JB, Morse SS, Rogers DJ, Yates TL. Using Satellite Images of Environmental Changes to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1341-1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081334
AMA Ford TE, Colwell RR, Rose JB, et al. Using Satellite Images of Environmental Changes to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1341-1346. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081334.
APA Ford, T. E., Colwell, R. R., Rose, J. B., Morse, S. S., Rogers, D. J., & Yates, T. L. (2009). Using Satellite Images of Environmental Changes to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1341-1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081334.
Synopses

Zika Virus Outside Africa [PDF - 521 KB - 4 pages]
E. B. Hayes

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus related to yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In 2007 ZIKV caused an outbreak of relatively mild disease characterized by rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis on Yap Island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This was the first time that ZIKV was detected outside of Africa and Asia. The history, transmission dynamics, virology, and clinical manifestations of ZIKV disease are discussed, along with the possibility for diagnostic confusion between ZIKV illness and dengue.The emergence of ZIKV outside of its previously known geographic range should prompt awareness of the potential for ZIKV to spread to other Pacific islands and the Americas.

EID Hayes EB. Zika Virus Outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1347-1350. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090442
AMA Hayes EB. Zika Virus Outside Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1347-1350. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442.
APA Hayes, E. B. (2009). Zika Virus Outside Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1347-1350. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090442.

Extrapulmonary Infections Associated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompetent Persons [PDF - 629 KB - 8 pages]
C. Piersimoni and C. Scarparo

Over the past several years, the prevalence of human disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has increased. Whether the increase in cases is real or whether more cases are being recognized remains unclear. Despite a considerable increase in knowledge about NTM infections, they still represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for several reasons: 1) pathogenic isolates may be indistinguishable from contaminant or saprophytic isolates; 2) timely and reliable identification of isolates may depend on proper communication between clinicians and laboratory staff; 3) lack of standardized susceptibility testing makes adoption of tailored therapies unrealistic; and 4) lack of treatment guidelines exposes patients to toxic drugs and disappointing outcomes. Laboratory research and multicenter controlled trials are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment of these infections.

EID Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Extrapulmonary Infections Associated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompetent Persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1351-1358. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081259
AMA Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Extrapulmonary Infections Associated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompetent Persons. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1351-1358. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081259.
APA Piersimoni, C., & Scarparo, C. (2009). Extrapulmonary Infections Associated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompetent Persons. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1351-1358. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081259.
Research

Etiology of Encephalitis in Australia, 1990–2007 [PDF - 596 KB - 8 pages]
C. Huppatz et al.

Encephalitis is a clinical syndrome commonly caused by emerging pathogens, which are not under surveillance in Australia. We reviewed rates of hospitalization for patients with encephalitis in Australia’s most populous state, New South Wales, from January 1990 through December 2007. Encephalitis was the primary discharge diagnosis for 5,926 hospital admissions; average annual hospitalization rate was 5.2/100,000 population. The most commonly identified pathogen was herpes simplex virus (n = 763, 12.9%). Toxoplasma encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis showed notable declines. The average annual encephalitis case-fatality rate (4.6%) and the proportion of patients hospitalized with encephalitis with no identified pathogen (69.8%, range 61.5%–78.7%) were stable during the study period. The nonnotifiable status of encephalitis in Australia and the high proportion of this disease with no known etiology may conceal emergence of novel pathogens. Unexplained encephalitis should be investigated, and encephalitis hospitalizations should be subject to statutory notification in Australia.

EID Huppatz C, Durrheim DN, Levi C, Dalton C, Williams DT, Clements MS, et al. Etiology of Encephalitis in Australia, 1990–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1359-1365. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081540
AMA Huppatz C, Durrheim DN, Levi C, et al. Etiology of Encephalitis in Australia, 1990–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1359-1365. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081540.
APA Huppatz, C., Durrheim, D. N., Levi, C., Dalton, C., Williams, D. T., Clements, M. S....Kelly, P. M. (2009). Etiology of Encephalitis in Australia, 1990–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1359-1365. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081540.

Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease [PDF - 776 KB - 11 pages]
B. Race et al.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, or prion disease, that affects deer, elk, and moose. Human susceptibility to CWD remains unproven despite likely exposure to CWD-infected cervids. We used 2 nonhuman primate species, cynomolgus macaques and squirrel monkeys, as human models for CWD susceptibility. CWD was inoculated into these 2 species by intracerebral and oral routes. After intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys, 7 of 8 CWD isolates induced a clinical wasting syndrome within 33–53 months. The monkeys’ brains showed spongiform encephalopathy and protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) diagnostic of prion disease. After oral exposure, 2 squirrel monkeys had PrPres in brain, spleen, and lymph nodes at 69 months postinfection. In contrast, cynomolgus macaques have not shown evidence of clinical disease as of 70 months postinfection. Thus, these 2 species differed in susceptibility to CWD. Because humans are evolutionarily closer to macaques than to squirrel monkeys, they may also be resistant to CWD.

EID Race B, Meade-White KD, Miller MW, Barbian KD, Rubenstein R, LaFauci G, et al. Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1366-1376. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090253
AMA Race B, Meade-White KD, Miller MW, et al. Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1366-1376. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090253.
APA Race, B., Meade-White, K. D., Miller, M. W., Barbian, K. D., Rubenstein, R., LaFauci, G....Chesebro, B. (2009). Susceptibilities of Nonhuman Primates to Chronic Wasting Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1366-1376. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090253.

Distant Relatives of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Close Relatives of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bats, Ghana [PDF - 682 KB - 8 pages]
S. Pfefferle et al.

We tested 12 bat species in Ghana for coronavirus (CoV) RNA. The virus prevalence in insectivorous bats (n = 123) was 9.76%. CoV was not detected in 212 fecal samples from Eidolon helvum fruit bats. Leaf-nosed bats pertaining to Hipposideros ruber by morphology had group 1 and group 2 CoVs. Virus concentrations were <45,000 copies/100 mg of bat feces. The diversified group 1 CoV shared a common ancestor with the human common cold virus hCoV-229E but not with hCoV-NL63, disputing hypotheses of common human descent. The most recent common ancestor of hCoV-229E and GhanaBt-CoVGrp1 existed in ≈1686–1800 ad. The GhanaBt-CoVGrp2 shared an old ancestor (≈2,400 years) with the severe acute respiratory syndrome–like group of CoV.

EID Pfefferle S, Oppong S, Bispo de Filippis A, Gloza-Rausch F, Ipsen A, Seebens A, et al. Distant Relatives of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Close Relatives of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bats, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1377-1384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090224
AMA Pfefferle S, Oppong S, Bispo de Filippis A, et al. Distant Relatives of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Close Relatives of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bats, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1377-1384. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090224.
APA Pfefferle, S., Oppong, S., Bispo de Filippis, A., Gloza-Rausch, F., Ipsen, A., Seebens, A....Park, S. (2009). Distant Relatives of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Close Relatives of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bats, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1377-1384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090224.

Predicting Phenotype and Emerging Strains among Chlamydia trachomatis Infections [PDF - 2.42 MB - 10 pages]
D. Dean et al.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a global cause of blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We used comparative genomics of the family Chlamydiaceae to select conserved housekeeping genes for C. trachomatis multilocus sequencing, characterizing 19 reference and 68 clinical isolates from 6 continental/subcontinental regions. There were 44 sequence types (ST). Identical STs for STI isolates were recovered from different regions, whereas STs for trachoma isolates were restricted by continent. Twenty-nine of 52 alleles had nonuniform distributions of frequencies across regions (p<0.001). Phylogenetic analysis showed 3 disease clusters: invasive lymphogranuloma venereum strains, globally prevalent noninvasive STI strains (ompA genotypes D/Da, E, and F), and nonprevalent STI strains with a trachoma subcluster. Recombinant strains were observed among STI clusters. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were predictive of disease specificity. Multilocus and SNP typing can now be used to detect diverse and emerging C. trachomatis strains for epidemiologic and evolutionary studies of trachoma and STI populations worldwide.

EID Dean D, Bruno WJ, Wan R, Gomes JP, Devignot S, Mehari T, et al. Predicting Phenotype and Emerging Strains among Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1385-1394. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090272
AMA Dean D, Bruno WJ, Wan R, et al. Predicting Phenotype and Emerging Strains among Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1385-1394. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090272.
APA Dean, D., Bruno, W. J., Wan, R., Gomes, J. P., Devignot, S., Mehari, T....Spratt, B. G. (2009). Predicting Phenotype and Emerging Strains among Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1385-1394. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090272.

Increasing Incidence of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis), France, 1997–2006 [PDF - 484 KB - 7 pages]
D. Bitar et al.

We analyzed hospital records to provide a population-based estimate of zygomycosis incidence and trends over a 10-year period at a national level in France. Data showed an increasing incidence from 0.7/million in 1997 to 1.2/million in 2006 (p<0.001). We compared our data with those from the French Mycosis Study Group, a recently established voluntary network of French mycologists coordinated by the National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals. We documented that incidence of zygomycosis increased, particularly in patients with hematologic malignancies or bone marrow transplants. The role of previous exposure to antifungal drugs lacking activity against zygomycetes could explain this increase but does not appear exclusive. Incidence also increased in the population of patients with diabetes mellitus. We conclude that observed trends reflect a genuine increase of zygomycosis cases in at-risk populations.

EID Bitar D, Van Cauteren D, Lanternier F, Dannaoui E, Che D, Dromer F, et al. Increasing Incidence of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis), France, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090334
AMA Bitar D, Van Cauteren D, Lanternier F, et al. Increasing Incidence of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis), France, 1997–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1395-1401. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090334.
APA Bitar, D., Van Cauteren, D., Lanternier, F., Dannaoui, E., Che, D., Dromer, F....Lortholary, O. (2009). Increasing Incidence of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis), France, 1997–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090334.

Chicken Consumption and Use of Acid-Suppressing Medications as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Enteritis, England [PDF - 539 KB - 7 pages]
C. C. Tam et al.

In a case–control study of Campylobacter spp. risk factors in England during 2005–2006, we identified recent consumption of commercially prepared chicken as an important risk factor. The risk for illness associated with recent chicken consumption was much lower for persons who regularly ate chicken than in those who did not, which suggests that partial immunologic protection may follow regular chicken preparation or consumption. Chicken-related risk factors accounted for 41% of cases; acid-suppressing medication, for 10%; self-reported past Campylobacter enteritis, 2%; and recent acquisition of a pet dog, 1%. Understanding the risks associated with chicken from different sources will benefit strategies to reduce Campylobacter infections. Better characterization of immune correlates for Campylobacter infection is necessary to assess the relative importance of immunity and behavioral factors in determining risk.

EID Tam CC, Higgins CD, Neal KR, Rodrigues LC, Millership SE, O’Brien SJ. Chicken Consumption and Use of Acid-Suppressing Medications as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Enteritis, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1402-1408. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080773
AMA Tam CC, Higgins CD, Neal KR, et al. Chicken Consumption and Use of Acid-Suppressing Medications as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Enteritis, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1402-1408. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080773.
APA Tam, C. C., Higgins, C. D., Neal, K. R., Rodrigues, L. C., Millership, S. E., & O’Brien, S. J. (2009). Chicken Consumption and Use of Acid-Suppressing Medications as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Enteritis, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1402-1408. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080773.

Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses, Ethiopia, 1981–2007 [PDF - 679 KB - 9 pages]
G. Ayelet et al.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. To further understand its complex epidemiology, which involves multiple virus serotypes and host species, we characterized the viruses recovered from FMD outbreaks in Ethiopia during 1981–2007. We detected 5 of the 7 FMDV serotypes (O, A, C, Southern African Territories [SAT] 1, and SAT 2). Serotype O predominated, followed by serotype A; type C was not recognized after 1983. Phylogenetic analysis of virus protein 1 sequences indicated emergence of a new topotype within serotype O, East Africa 4. In 2007, serotype SAT 1 was detected in Ethiopia and formed a new distinct topotype (IX), and serotype SAT 2 reappeared after an apparent gap of 16 years. The diversity of viruses highlights the role of this region as a reservoir for FMD virus, and their continuing emergence in Ethiopia will greatly affect spread and consequent control strategy of the disease on this continent.

EID Ayelet G, Mahapatra M, Gelaye E, Egziabher BG, Rufeal T, Sahle M, et al. Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses, Ethiopia, 1981–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1409-1417. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090091
AMA Ayelet G, Mahapatra M, Gelaye E, et al. Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses, Ethiopia, 1981–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1409-1417. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090091.
APA Ayelet, G., Mahapatra, M., Gelaye, E., Egziabher, B. G., Rufeal, T., Sahle, M....Knowles, N. J. (2009). Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses, Ethiopia, 1981–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1409-1417. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090091.

Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of 3 Early Cases of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection, People’s Republic of China, 2009 [PDF - 463 KB - 5 pages]
C. Bin et al.

On May 7, 2009, a national network was organized in the People’s Republic of China for the surveillance, reporting, diagnosis, and treatment of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection (pandemic [H1N1] 2009). Persons with suspected cases are required to report to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Ministry of Health within 24 hours; the patient’s close contacts are then traced and placed in quarantine for 7 days. We report 3 confirmed early cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Two cases were imported from United States; the other was imported from Canada. The patients exhibited fever and signs and other symptoms that were indistinguishable from those of seasonal influenza. Serial virologic monitoring of pharyngeal swabs showed that they were negative for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus by real-time reverse transcription–PCR 4–6 days after onset of illness. One close contact whose sample tested positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus had no symptoms during quarantine. A national network is essential for controlling pandemic (H1N1) 2009.

EID Bin C, Xingwang L, Yuelong S, Nan J, Shijun C, Xiayuan X, et al. Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of 3 Early Cases of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection, People’s Republic of China, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1418-1422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090794
AMA Bin C, Xingwang L, Yuelong S, et al. Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of 3 Early Cases of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection, People’s Republic of China, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1418-1422. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090794.
APA Bin, C., Xingwang, L., Yuelong, S., Nan, J., Shijun, C., Xiayuan, X....Chen, W. (2009). Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of 3 Early Cases of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection, People’s Republic of China, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1418-1422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090794.

Clinical Assessment and Improved Diagnosis of Bocavirus-induced Wheezing in Children, Finland [PDF - 522 KB - 8 pages]
M. Söderlund-Venermo et al.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a widespread respiratory virus. To improve diagnostic methods, we conducted immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM enzyme immunoassays with recombinant virus–like particles of HBoV as antigen. Acute-phase and follow-up serum samples from 258 wheezing children and single serum samples from 115 healthy adults in Finland were examined. Our assays had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 99.5%. Of adults, 96% had immunity; none had an acute infection. Of 48 children with serologically diagnosed acute HBoV infections, 45 were viremic and 35 had virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs). Of 39 HBoV NPA PCR–positive children co-infected with another virus, 64% had a serologically verified HBoV infection. HBoV caused illness of longer duration than rhinovirus and of equal severity to that of respiratory syncytial virus. Among children with bronchiolitis, >25% had acute HBoV infections. Accurate HBoV diagnosis requires serologic analysis or PCR of serum; PCR of NPAs alone is insufficient.

EID Söderlund-Venermo M, Lahtinen A, Jartti T, Hedman L, Kemppainen K, Lehtinen P, et al. Clinical Assessment and Improved Diagnosis of Bocavirus-induced Wheezing in Children, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1423-1430. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090204
AMA Söderlund-Venermo M, Lahtinen A, Jartti T, et al. Clinical Assessment and Improved Diagnosis of Bocavirus-induced Wheezing in Children, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1423-1430. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090204.
APA Söderlund-Venermo, M., Lahtinen, A., Jartti, T., Hedman, L., Kemppainen, K., Lehtinen, P....Hedman, K. (2009). Clinical Assessment and Improved Diagnosis of Bocavirus-induced Wheezing in Children, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1423-1430. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090204.

Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus [PDF - 553 KB - 7 pages]
R. Mehla et al.

Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) is enzootic to India and maintained in ticks, mammals, and birds. It causes severe febrile illness in humans and was first recognized in 1957 associated with a high number of deaths among monkeys in Kyasanur Forest. Genetic analysis of 48 viruses isolated in India during 1957–2006 showed low diversity (1.2%). Bayesian coalescence analysis of these sequences and those of KFDVs from Saudi Arabia and the People’s Republic of China estimated that KFDVs have evolved at a mean rate of ≈6.4 × 10–4 substitutions/site/year, which is similar to rates estimated for mosquito-borne flaviviruses. KFDVs were estimated to have shared a common ancestor in ≈1942, fifteen years before identification of the disease in India. These data are consistent with the view that KFD represented a newly emerged disease when first recognized. Recent common ancestry of KFDVs from India and Saudi Arabia, despite their large geographic separation, indicates long-range movement of virus, possibly by birds.

EID Mehla R, Kumar SR, Yadav PD, Barde PV, Yergolkar PN, Erickson BR, et al. Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1431-1437. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080759
AMA Mehla R, Kumar SR, Yadav PD, et al. Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1431-1437. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080759.
APA Mehla, R., Kumar, S. R., Yadav, P. D., Barde, P. V., Yergolkar, P. N., Erickson, B. R....Mourya, D. T. (2009). Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1431-1437. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080759.

Nurses’ Contacts and Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission [PDF - 500 KB - 7 pages]
H. Bernard et al.

Nurses’ contacts with potentially infectious persons probably place them at higher risk than the general population for infectious diseases. During an influenza pandemic, illness among nurses might result in staff shortage. We aimed to show the value of individual data from the healthcare sector for mathematical modeling of infectious disease transmission. Using a paper diary approach, we compared nurses’ daily contacts (2-way conversation with >2 words or skin-to-skin contact) with those of matched controls from a representative population survey. Nurses (n = 129) reported a median of 40 contacts (85% work related), and controls (n = 129) reported 12 contacts (33% work related). For nurses, 51% of work-related contacts were with patients (74% involving skin-to-skin contact, and 63% lasted <15 minutes); 40% were with staff members (29% and 36%, respectively). Our data, used with simulation models, can help predict staff availability and provide information for pandemic preparedness planning.

EID Bernard H, Fischer R, Mikolajczyk RT, Kretzschmar M, Wildner M. Nurses’ Contacts and Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1438-1444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081475
AMA Bernard H, Fischer R, Mikolajczyk RT, et al. Nurses’ Contacts and Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1438-1444. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081475.
APA Bernard, H., Fischer, R., Mikolajczyk, R. T., Kretzschmar, M., & Wildner, M. (2009). Nurses’ Contacts and Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1438-1444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081475.

Genetics and Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus [PDF - 610 KB - 8 pages]
M. A. Brown et al.

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is endemic in feral cat populations and cat colonies, frequently preceding outbreaks of fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV exhibits 2 biotypes: the pathogenic disease and a benign infection with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Uncertainty remains regarding whether genetically distinctive avirulent and virulent forms coexist or whether an avirulent form mutates in vivo, causing FIP. To resolve these alternative hypotheses, we isolated viral sequences from FCoV-infected clinically healthy and sick cats (8 FIP cases and 48 FECV-asymptomatic animals); 735 sequences from 4 gene segments were generated and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Viral sequences from healthy cats were distinct from sick cats on the basis of genetic distances observed in the membrane and nonstructural protein 7b genes. These data demonstrate distinctive circulating virulent and avirulent strains in natural populations. In addition, 5 membrane protein amino acid residues with functional potential differentiated healthy cats from cats with FIP. These findings may have potential as diagnostic markers for virulent FIP-associated FCoV.

EID Brown MA, Troyer JL, Pecon-Slattery J, Roelke ME, O’Brien SJ. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1445-1452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081573
AMA Brown MA, Troyer JL, Pecon-Slattery J, et al. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1445-1452. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081573.
APA Brown, M. A., Troyer, J. L., Pecon-Slattery, J., Roelke, M. E., & O’Brien, S. J. (2009). Genetics and Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1445-1452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081573.

Avian Bornaviruses in Psittacine Birds from Europe and Australia with Proventricular Dilatation Disease [PDF - 523 KB - 7 pages]
H. Weissenböck et al.

To determine whether avian bornaviruses (ABVs) were a factor in proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), we used immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription–PCR, and nucleotide sequence analysis to examine paraffin wax–embedded or frozen tissue samples of 31 psittacine birds with this disease. PDD is a fatal disease of psittacine birds associated with nonsuppurative encephalitis and ganglioneuritis of the upper intestinal tract. Tissue samples had been collected from 1999 through 2008 in Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, and Australia. Immunohistochemical demonstration of viral antigen within the brain and vegetative nerve system of the gastrointestinal tract provides strong evidence for a causative role of ABVs in this condition. Partial sequences of nucleoprotein (p40) and matrix protein (gp18) genes showed that virus in most of our cases belonged to the ABV-2 and ABV-4 groups among the 5 genogroups described so far. Viral sequences of 2 birds did not match any of the described sequences and clustered together in a new branch termed ABV-6.

EID Weissenböck H, Bakonyi T, Sekulin K, Ehrensperger F, Doneley RJ, Dürrwald R, et al. Avian Bornaviruses in Psittacine Birds from Europe and Australia with Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1453-1459. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090353
AMA Weissenböck H, Bakonyi T, Sekulin K, et al. Avian Bornaviruses in Psittacine Birds from Europe and Australia with Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1453-1459. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090353.
APA Weissenböck, H., Bakonyi, T., Sekulin, K., Ehrensperger, F., Doneley, R. J., Dürrwald, R....Nowotny, N. (2009). Avian Bornaviruses in Psittacine Birds from Europe and Australia with Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1453-1459. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090353.
Historical Review

Program to Eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950 [PDF - 680 KB - 7 pages]
E. Tognotti

During 1946–1950, the Rockefeller Foundation conducted a large-scale experiment in Sardinia to test the feasibility of indigenous vector species eradication. The interruption of malaria transmission did not require vector eradication, but with a goal of developing a new strategy to fight malaria, the choice was made to wage a rapid attack with a powerful new chemical. Costing millions of dollars, 267 metric tons of DDT were spread over the island. Although malaria was eliminated, the main objective, complete eradication of the vector, was not achieved. Despite its being considered almost eradicated in the mid-1940s, malaria 60 years later is still a major public health problem throughout the world, and its eradication is back on the global health agenda.

EID Tognotti E. Program to Eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1460-1466. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081317
AMA Tognotti E. Program to Eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1460-1466. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081317.
APA Tognotti, E. (2009). Program to Eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1460-1466. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081317.
Dispatches

Genetic Differences between Avian and Human Isolates of Candida dubliniensis [PDF - 494 KB - 4 pages]
B. A. McManus et al.

When Candida dubliniensis isolates obtained from seabird excrement and from humans in Ireland were compared by using multilocs sequence typing, 13 of 14 avian isolates were genetically distinct from human isolates. The remaining avian isolate was indistinguishable from a human isolate, suggesting that transmission may occur between humans and birds.

EID McManus BA, Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, d’Enfert C, Bougnoux M, Nunn MA, et al. Genetic Differences between Avian and Human Isolates of Candida dubliniensis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1467-1470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081660
AMA McManus BA, Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, et al. Genetic Differences between Avian and Human Isolates of Candida dubliniensis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1467-1470. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081660.
APA McManus, B. A., Sullivan, D. J., Moran, G. P., d’Enfert, C., Bougnoux, M., Nunn, M. A....Coleman, D. C. (2009). Genetic Differences between Avian and Human Isolates of Candida dubliniensis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1467-1470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081660.

Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma americanum Ticks, Tennessee and Georgia, USA [PDF - 1.26 MB - 4 pages]
S. B. Cohen et al.

To determine the geographic distribution of the newly recognized human pathogen Rickettsia parkeri, we looked for this organism in ticks from Tennessee and Georgia, USA. Using PCR and sequence analysis, we identified R. parkeri in 2 Amblyomma americanum ticks. This rickettsiosis may be underdiagnosed in the eastern United States.

EID Cohen SB, Yabsley MJ, Garrison LE, Freye JD, Dunlap BG, Dunn JR, et al. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma americanum Ticks, Tennessee and Georgia, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1471-1473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090330
AMA Cohen SB, Yabsley MJ, Garrison LE, et al. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma americanum Ticks, Tennessee and Georgia, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1471-1473. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090330.
APA Cohen, S. B., Yabsley, M. J., Garrison, L. E., Freye, J. D., Dunlap, B. G., Dunn, J. R....Moncayo, A. C. (2009). Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma americanum Ticks, Tennessee and Georgia, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1471-1473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090330.

Phylogeny and Disease Association of Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli O91 [PDF - 490 KB - 4 pages]
A. Mellmann et al.

The diversity and relatedness of 100 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O91 isolates from different patients were examined by multilocus sequence typing. We identified 10 specific sequence types (ST) and 4 distinct clonal groups. ST442 was significantly associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome.

EID Mellmann A, Fruth A, Friedrich AW, Wieler LH, Harmsen D, Werber D, et al. Phylogeny and Disease Association of Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli O91. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1474-1477. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090161
AMA Mellmann A, Fruth A, Friedrich AW, et al. Phylogeny and Disease Association of Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli O91. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1474-1477. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090161.
APA Mellmann, A., Fruth, A., Friedrich, A. W., Wieler, L. H., Harmsen, D., Werber, D....Karch, H. (2009). Phylogeny and Disease Association of Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli O91. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1474-1477. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090161.

Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria [PDF - 383 KB - 3 pages]
J. J. van Hellemond et al.

We describe a PCR-confirmed case of Plasmodium knowlesi infection with a high parasitemia level and clinical signs of severe malaria in a migrant worker from Malaysian Borneo in the Netherlands. Investigations showed that commercially available rapid antigen tests for detection of human Plasmodium infections can detect P. knowlesi infections in humans.

EID van Hellemond JJ, Rutten M, Koelewijn R, Zeeman A, Verweij JJ, Wismans PJ, et al. Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1478-1480. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090358
AMA van Hellemond JJ, Rutten M, Koelewijn R, et al. Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1478-1480. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090358.
APA van Hellemond, J. J., Rutten, M., Koelewijn, R., Zeeman, A., Verweij, J. J., Wismans, P. J....van Genderen, P. (2009). Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1478-1480. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090358.

Monitoring of Putative Vectors of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany [PDF - 531 KB - 4 pages]
B. Hoffmann et al.

To identify the vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Germany, we monitored Culicoides spp. biting midges during April 2007–May 2008. Molecular characterization of batches of midges that tested positive for BTV suggests C. obsoletus sensu stricto as a relevant vector of bluetongue disease in central Europe.

EID Hoffmann B, Bauer B, Bauer C, Bätza H, Beer M, Clausen P, et al. Monitoring of Putative Vectors of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1481-1484. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090562
AMA Hoffmann B, Bauer B, Bauer C, et al. Monitoring of Putative Vectors of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1481-1484. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090562.
APA Hoffmann, B., Bauer, B., Bauer, C., Bätza, H., Beer, M., Clausen, P....Conraths, F. J. (2009). Monitoring of Putative Vectors of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1481-1484. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090562.

Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Finland [PDF - 521 KB - 4 pages]
R. Österback et al.

During fall 2008, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with onychomadesis (nail shedding) as a common feature occurred in Finland. We identified an unusual enterovirus type, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), as the causative agent. CVA6 infections may be emerging as a new and major cause of epidemic HFMD.

EID Österback R, Vuorinen T, Linna M, Susi P, Hyypiä T, Waris M. Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1485-1488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090438
AMA Österback R, Vuorinen T, Linna M, et al. Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1485-1488. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090438.
APA Österback, R., Vuorinen, T., Linna, M., Susi, P., Hyypiä, T., & Waris, M. (2009). Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1485-1488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090438.

Hantavirus Infection in the Republic of Georgia [PDF - 439 KB - 3 pages]
T. Kuchuloria et al.

We describe a laboratory-confirmed case of hantavirus infection in the Republic of Georgia. Limited information is available about hantavirus infections in the Caucasus, although the infection has been reported throughout Europe and Russia. Increasing awareness and active disease surveillance contribute to our improved understanding of the geographic range of this pathogen.

EID Kuchuloria T, Clark DV, Hepburn MJ, Tsertsvadze T, Pimentel G, Imnadze P. Hantavirus Infection in the Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1489-1491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090617
AMA Kuchuloria T, Clark DV, Hepburn MJ, et al. Hantavirus Infection in the Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1489-1491. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090617.
APA Kuchuloria, T., Clark, D. V., Hepburn, M. J., Tsertsvadze, T., Pimentel, G., & Imnadze, P. (2009). Hantavirus Infection in the Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1489-1491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090617.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H7N3) in Domestic Poultry, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007 [PDF - 504 KB - 4 pages]
Y. Berhane et al.

Epidemiologic, serologic, and molecular phylogenetic methods were used to investigate an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza on a broiler breeding farm in Saskatchewan, Canada. Results, coupled with data from influenza A virus surveillance of migratory waterfowl in Canada, implicated wild birds as the most probable source of the low pathogenicity precursor virus.

EID Berhane Y, Hisanaga T, Kehler H, Neufeld J, Manning L, Argue C, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H7N3) in Domestic Poultry, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1492-1495. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080231
AMA Berhane Y, Hisanaga T, Kehler H, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H7N3) in Domestic Poultry, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1492-1495. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080231.
APA Berhane, Y., Hisanaga, T., Kehler, H., Neufeld, J., Manning, L., Argue, C....Pasick, J. (2009). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H7N3) in Domestic Poultry, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1492-1495. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080231.

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Persons without Merkel Cell Carcinoma [PDF - 400 KB - 3 pages]
U. Wieland et al.

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA was detected in 88% of Merkel cell carcinomas in contrast to 16% of other skin tumors. MCPyV was also found in anogenital and oral samples (31%) and eyebrow hairs (50%) of HIV-positive men and in forehead swabs (62%) of healthy controls. MCPyV thus appears to be widespread.

EID Wieland U, Mauch C, Kreuter A, Krieg T, Pfister H. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Persons without Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1496-1498. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081575
AMA Wieland U, Mauch C, Kreuter A, et al. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Persons without Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1496-1498. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081575.
APA Wieland, U., Mauch, C., Kreuter, A., Krieg, T., & Pfister, H. (2009). Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Persons without Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1496-1498. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081575.

Population-based Surveillance for Hepatitis C Virus, United States, 2006–2007 [PDF - 403 KB - 4 pages]
R. M. Klevens et al.

Surveillance for hepatitis C virus infection in 6 US sites identified 20,285 newly reported cases in 12 months (report rate 69 cases/100,000 population, range 25–108/100,000). Staff reviewed 4 laboratory reports per new case. Local surveillance data can document the effects of disease, support linkage to care, and help prevent secondary transmission.

EID Klevens RM, Miller J, Vonderwahl C, Speers S, Alelis K, Sweet K, et al. Population-based Surveillance for Hepatitis C Virus, United States, 2006–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1499-1502. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081050
AMA Klevens RM, Miller J, Vonderwahl C, et al. Population-based Surveillance for Hepatitis C Virus, United States, 2006–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1499-1502. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081050.
APA Klevens, R. M., Miller, J., Vonderwahl, C., Speers, S., Alelis, K., Sweet, K....Gallagher, K. (2009). Population-based Surveillance for Hepatitis C Virus, United States, 2006–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1499-1502. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081050.

Absence of Detectable Replication of Human Bocavirus Species 2 in Respiratory Tract [PDF - 373 KB - 3 pages]
T. Chieochansin et al.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) commonly infects young children and is associated with respiratory disease; disease associations of the divergent HBoV-2 species are unknown. Frequent HBoV-2 detection in fecal samples indicated widespread circulation in the United Kingdom and Thailand, but its lack of detection among 6,524 respiratory samples indicates likely differences from HBoV-1 in tropism/pathogenesis.

EID Chieochansin T, Kapoor A, Delwart E, Poovorawan Y, Simmonds P. Absence of Detectable Replication of Human Bocavirus Species 2 in Respiratory Tract. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1503-1505. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090394
AMA Chieochansin T, Kapoor A, Delwart E, et al. Absence of Detectable Replication of Human Bocavirus Species 2 in Respiratory Tract. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1503-1505. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090394.
APA Chieochansin, T., Kapoor, A., Delwart, E., Poovorawan, Y., & Simmonds, P. (2009). Absence of Detectable Replication of Human Bocavirus Species 2 in Respiratory Tract. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1503-1505. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090394.

Role of Rhinovirus C in Apparently Life-Threatening Events in Infants, Spain [PDF - 425 KB - 3 pages]
C. Calvo et al.

To assess whether infants hospitalized after an apparently life-threatening event had an associated respiratory virus infection, we analyzed nasopharyngeal aspirates from 16 patients. Nine of 11 infants with positive virus results were infected by rhinoviruses. We detected the new genogroup of rhinovirus C in 6 aspirates.

EID Calvo C, García ML, Pozo F, Reyes N, Pérez-Breña P, Casas I. Role of Rhinovirus C in Apparently Life-Threatening Events in Infants, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1506-1508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090453
AMA Calvo C, García ML, Pozo F, et al. Role of Rhinovirus C in Apparently Life-Threatening Events in Infants, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1506-1508. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090453.
APA Calvo, C., García, M. L., Pozo, F., Reyes, N., Pérez-Breña, P., & Casas, I. (2009). Role of Rhinovirus C in Apparently Life-Threatening Events in Infants, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1506-1508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090453.

Saffold Cardiovirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis, Beijing, China [PDF - 522 KB - 3 pages]
L. Ren et al.

To understand Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) distribution, prevalence, and clinical relevance in China, we retrospectively studied SAFV in children with acute gastroenteritis and found SAFV in 12 (3.2%) of 373. Sequence homology of virus protein 1 genes suggested these strains belong to the SAFV-1 sublineage. SAFVs were found in samples positive for other diarrhea-causing viruses.

EID Ren L, Gonzalez R, Xiao Y, Xu X, Chen L, Vernet G, et al. Saffold Cardiovirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis, Beijing, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1509-1511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081531
AMA Ren L, Gonzalez R, Xiao Y, et al. Saffold Cardiovirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis, Beijing, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1509-1511. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081531.
APA Ren, L., Gonzalez, R., Xiao, Y., Xu, X., Chen, L., Vernet, G....Wang, J. (2009). Saffold Cardiovirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis, Beijing, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1509-1511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081531.

Human Infection with G12 Rotaviruses, Germany [PDF - 505 KB - 4 pages]
C. Pietsch and U. G. Liebert

Rotavirus group A G12 genotypes were detected in 3 (1.5%) of 198 stool samples positive for human rotavirus. G12P[6] was present in 2 samples, and a mixed G3G12P[8] was found in 1 sample. Phylogenetic analysis of complete open reading frames of all 11 genomic RNA segments proved their Wa-like genogroup affiliation.

EID Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Human Infection with G12 Rotaviruses, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1512-1515. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090497
AMA Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Human Infection with G12 Rotaviruses, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1512-1515. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090497.
APA Pietsch, C., & Liebert, U. G. (2009). Human Infection with G12 Rotaviruses, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1512-1515. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090497.

Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections [PDF - 393 KB - 3 pages]
J. Edelsberg et al.

Using data from the 2000–2004 US Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, we found that total hospital admissions for skin and soft tissue infections increased by 29% during 2000–2004; admissions for pneumonia were largely unchanged. These results are consistent with recent reported increases in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

EID Edelsberg J, Taneja C, Zervos M, Haque N, Moore C, Reyes K, et al. Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1516-1518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081228
AMA Edelsberg J, Taneja C, Zervos M, et al. Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1516-1518. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081228.
APA Edelsberg, J., Taneja, C., Zervos, M., Haque, N., Moore, C., Reyes, K....Oster, G. (2009). Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1516-1518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081228.
Photo Quizzes

Photo Quiz [PDF - 328 KB - 3 pages]
M. G. Schultz and D. M. Morens
EID Schultz MG, Morens DM. Photo Quiz. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1519-1522. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090891
AMA Schultz MG, Morens DM. Photo Quiz. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1519-1522. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090891.
APA Schultz, M. G., & Morens, D. M. (2009). Photo Quiz. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1519-1522. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090891.
Letters

Genomic Diversity of Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus A (H1N1), Luxembourg, 2007–08 [PDF - 417 KB - 2 pages]
N. A. Gerloff et al.
EID Gerloff NA, Kremer JR, Mossong J, Opp M, Muller CP. Genomic Diversity of Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus A (H1N1), Luxembourg, 2007–08. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1523-1524. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090452
AMA Gerloff NA, Kremer JR, Mossong J, et al. Genomic Diversity of Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus A (H1N1), Luxembourg, 2007–08. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1523-1524. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090452.
APA Gerloff, N. A., Kremer, J. R., Mossong, J., Opp, M., & Muller, C. P. (2009). Genomic Diversity of Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus A (H1N1), Luxembourg, 2007–08. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1523-1524. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090452.

Tokyo-172 BCG Vaccination Complications, Taiwan [PDF - 365 KB - 2 pages]
R. Jou et al.
EID Jou R, Huang W, Su W. Tokyo-172 BCG Vaccination Complications, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1525-1526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081336
AMA Jou R, Huang W, Su W. Tokyo-172 BCG Vaccination Complications, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1525-1526. doi:10.3201/eid1509.081336.
APA Jou, R., Huang, W., & Su, W. (2009). Tokyo-172 BCG Vaccination Complications, Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1525-1526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.081336.

Reemergence of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, 2007–2008 [PDF - 414 KB - 3 pages]
P. V. Aguilar et al.
EID Aguilar PV, Camargo W, Vargas J, Guevara C, Roca Y, Felices V, et al. Reemergence of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1526-1528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090017
AMA Aguilar PV, Camargo W, Vargas J, et al. Reemergence of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1526-1528. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090017.
APA Aguilar, P. V., Camargo, W., Vargas, J., Guevara, C., Roca, Y., Felices, V....Kochel, T. J. (2009). Reemergence of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1526-1528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090017.

Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Seabird Tick, Japan [PDF - 373 KB - 3 pages]
A. Takano et al.
EID Takano A, Muto M, Sakata A, Ogasawara Y, Takajo I, Hanaoka N, et al. Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Seabird Tick, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1528-1530. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090459
AMA Takano A, Muto M, Sakata A, et al. Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Seabird Tick, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1528-1530. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090459.
APA Takano, A., Muto, M., Sakata, A., Ogasawara, Y., Takajo, I., Hanaoka, N....Kawabata, H. (2009). Relapsing Fever Spirochete in Seabird Tick, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1528-1530. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090459.

Backyard Raccoon Latrines and Risk for Baylisascaris procyonis Transmission to Humans [PDF - 347 KB - 2 pages]
K. Page et al.
EID Page K, Anchor C, Luy E, Kron S, Larson G, Madsen L, et al. Backyard Raccoon Latrines and Risk for Baylisascaris procyonis Transmission to Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1530-1531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090128
AMA Page K, Anchor C, Luy E, et al. Backyard Raccoon Latrines and Risk for Baylisascaris procyonis Transmission to Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1530-1531. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090128.
APA Page, K., Anchor, C., Luy, E., Kron, S., Larson, G., Madsen, L....Smyser, T. J. (2009). Backyard Raccoon Latrines and Risk for Baylisascaris procyonis Transmission to Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1530-1531. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090128.

Reemergence of Strongyloidiasis, Northern Italy [PDF - 472 KB - 3 pages]
F. F. Abrescia et al.
EID Abrescia FF, Falda A, Caramaschi G, Scalzini A, Gobbi F, Angheben A, et al. Reemergence of Strongyloidiasis, Northern Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1531-1533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090191
AMA Abrescia FF, Falda A, Caramaschi G, et al. Reemergence of Strongyloidiasis, Northern Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1531-1533. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090191.
APA Abrescia, F. F., Falda, A., Caramaschi, G., Scalzini, A., Gobbi, F., Angheben, A....Bisoffi, Z. (2009). Reemergence of Strongyloidiasis, Northern Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1531-1533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090191.

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi with CTX-M β-Lactamase, Germany [PDF - 414 KB - 3 pages]
Y. Pfeifer et al.
EID Pfeifer Y, Matten J, Rabsch W. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi with CTX-M β-Lactamase, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1533-1535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090567
AMA Pfeifer Y, Matten J, Rabsch W. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi with CTX-M β-Lactamase, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1533-1535. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090567.
APA Pfeifer, Y., Matten, J., & Rabsch, W. (2009). Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi with CTX-M β-Lactamase, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1533-1535. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090567.

Gordonia sputi Bacteremia [PDF - 366 KB - 3 pages]
A. Renvoise et al.
EID Renvoise A, Harle J, Raoult D, Roux V. Gordonia sputi Bacteremia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1535-1537. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080903
AMA Renvoise A, Harle J, Raoult D, et al. Gordonia sputi Bacteremia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1535-1537. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080903.
APA Renvoise, A., Harle, J., Raoult, D., & Roux, V. (2009). Gordonia sputi Bacteremia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1535-1537. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080903.

Cross-reactive Antibodies against Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) [PDF - 507 KB - 3 pages]
S. Pichyangkul et al.
EID Pichyangkul S, Jongkaewwattana A, Thitithanyanont A, Ekchariyawat P, Wiboon-ut S, Limsalakpetch A, et al. Cross-reactive Antibodies against Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1537-1539. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090471
AMA Pichyangkul S, Jongkaewwattana A, Thitithanyanont A, et al. Cross-reactive Antibodies against Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1537-1539. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090471.
APA Pichyangkul, S., Jongkaewwattana, A., Thitithanyanont, A., Ekchariyawat, P., Wiboon-ut, S., Limsalakpetch, A....Fukuda, M. M. (2009). Cross-reactive Antibodies against Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1537-1539. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090471.
Books and Media

The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis [PDF - 252 KB - 1 page]
A. L. Shane
EID Shane AL. The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1540. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090668
AMA Shane AL. The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1540. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090668.
APA Shane, A. L. (2009). The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1540. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090668.
About the Cover

Never Has There Been a Shade [PDF - 364 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Never Has There Been a Shade. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1541-1542. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.ac1509
AMA Potter P. Never Has There Been a Shade. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1541-1542. doi:10.3201/eid1509.ac1509.
APA Potter, P. (2009). Never Has There Been a Shade. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1541-1542. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.ac1509.
Etymologia

Borna [bor′nә] disease virus [PDF - 297 KB - 1 page]
EID Borna [bor′nә] disease virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(9):1452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.e11509
AMA Borna [bor′nә] disease virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(9):1452. doi:10.3201/eid1509.e11509.
APA (2009). Borna [bor′nә] disease virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.e11509.
Conference Summaries

Infectious Disease Modeling and Military Readiness [PDF - 27 KB - 3 pages]
B. H. Feighner et al.
Page created: September 24, 2012
Page updated: September 24, 2012
Page reviewed: September 24, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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