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Issue Cover for Volume 28, Number 2—February 2022

Volume 28, Number 2—February 2022

[PDF - 17.81 MB - 234 pages]

Perspective

Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses [PDF - 1.85 MB - 9 pages]
J. Piret and G. Boivin

Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. A likely mechanism is the interferon response that could confer a temporary nonspecific immunity to the host. During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

EID Piret J, Boivin G. Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):273-281. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211727
AMA Piret J, Boivin G. Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):273-281. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211727.
APA Piret, J., & Boivin, G. (2022). Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211727.
Synopses

Novel Clinical Monitoring Approaches for Reemergence of Diphtheria Myocarditis, Vietnam [PDF - 3.09 MB - 9 pages]
H. Chanh et al.

Diphtheria is a life-threatening, vaccine-preventable disease caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium bacterial species that continues to cause substantial disease and death worldwide, particularly in vulnerable populations. Further outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases are forecast because of health service disruptions caused by the coronavirus disease pandemic. Diphtheria causes a spectrum of clinical disease, ranging from cutaneous forms to severe respiratory infections with systemic complications, including cardiac and neurologic. In this synopsis, we describe a case of oropharyngeal diphtheria in a 7-year-old boy in Vietnam who experienced severe myocarditis complications. We also review the cardiac complications of diphtheria and discuss how noninvasive bedside imaging technologies to monitor myocardial function and hemodynamic parameters can help improve the management of this neglected infectious disease.

EID Chanh H, Trieu H, Vuong H, Hung T, Phan T, Campbell J, et al. Novel Clinical Monitoring Approaches for Reemergence of Diphtheria Myocarditis, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):282-290. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210555
AMA Chanh H, Trieu H, Vuong H, et al. Novel Clinical Monitoring Approaches for Reemergence of Diphtheria Myocarditis, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):282-290. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210555.
APA Chanh, H., Trieu, H., Vuong, H., Hung, T., Phan, T., Campbell, J....Yacoub, S. (2022). Novel Clinical Monitoring Approaches for Reemergence of Diphtheria Myocarditis, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 282-290. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210555.

Medscape CME Activity
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement [PDF - 2.09 MB - 11 pages]
P. Bogovič et al.

Information on febrile illness caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) without central nervous system involvement is limited. We characterized 98 patients who had TBEV RNA in their blood but no central nervous system involvement at the time of evaluation. Median duration of illness was 7 days; 37 (38%) patients were hospitalized. The most frequent findings were malaise or fatigue (98%), fever (97%), headache (86%), and myalgias (54%); common laboratory findings were leukopenia (88%), thrombocytopenia (59%), and abnormal liver test results (63%). During the illness, blood leukocyte counts tended to improve, whereas thrombocytopenia and liver enzymes tended to deteriorate. At the time of positive PCR findings, 0/98 patients had serum IgG TBEV and 7 serum IgM TBEV; all patients later seroconverted. Viral RNA load was higher in patients with more severe illness but did not differ substantially in relation to several other factors. Illness progressed to tick-borne encephalitis in 84% of patients within 18 days after defervescence.

EID Bogovič P, Kastrin A, Lotrič-Furlan S, Ogrinc K, Županc T, Korva M, et al. Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):291-301. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211661
AMA Bogovič P, Kastrin A, Lotrič-Furlan S, et al. Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):291-301. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211661.
APA Bogovič, P., Kastrin, A., Lotrič-Furlan, S., Ogrinc, K., Županc, T., Korva, M....Strle, F. (2022). Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211661.
Research

Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA [PDF - 1.69 MB - 11 pages]
C. Dieme et al.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquitoborne virus that infects livestock and humans. We report results of surveillance for CVV in New York, USA, during 2000–2016; full-genome analysis of selected CVV isolates from sheep, horse, humans, and mosquitoes from New York and Canada; and phenotypic characterization of selected strains. We calculated infection rates by using the maximum-likelihood estimation method by year, region, month, and mosquito species. The highest maximum-likelihood estimations were for Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis identified 2 lineages and found evidence of segment reassortment. Furthermore, our data suggest displacement of CVV lineage 1 by lineage 2 in New York and Canada. Finally, we showed increased vector competence of An. quadrimaculatus mosquitoes for lineage 2 strains of CVV compared with lineage 1 strains.

EID Dieme C, Ngo KA, Tyler S, Maffei JG, Zink SD, Dupuis AP, et al. Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):303-313. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.203810
AMA Dieme C, Ngo KA, Tyler S, et al. Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):303-313. doi:10.3201/eid2802.203810.
APA Dieme, C., Ngo, K. A., Tyler, S., Maffei, J. G., Zink, S. D., Dupuis, A. P....Kramer, L. D. (2022). Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 303-313. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.203810.

Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Sweden [PDF - 1.45 MB - 9 pages]
D. Slunge et al.

In recent decades, the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Sweden has increased. To calculate the burden of disease over a 17-year period, we analyzed data from the Swedish National Health Data Register for TBE cases diagnosed during 1998–2014. We compared healthcare use and sick leave associated with 2,429 persons with TBE with a referent cohort of 7,287 persons without TBE. Patients with TBE were hospitalized for significantly more days during the first year after disease onset (11.5 vs. 1.1 days), logged more specialist outpatient visits (3.6 vs. 1.2 visits), and logged more sick leave days (66 vs. 10.7 days). These differences generally increased over time. The case-fatality rate for TBE was 1.1%. Our calculated cost of TBE to society provides a baseline for decisions on immunization programs. Analyzing register data, our study adds to clinical studies of smaller cohorts and model-based studies that calculate disease burden.

EID Slunge D, Boman A, Studahl M. Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):314-322. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204324
AMA Slunge D, Boman A, Studahl M. Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):314-322. doi:10.3201/eid2802.204324.
APA Slunge, D., Boman, A., & Studahl, M. (2022). Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Sweden. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 314-322. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204324.

Invasive Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections among Persons Who Inject Drugs, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2019 [PDF - 1023 KB - 8 pages]
K. Luk et al.

During March 2016–January 2019, Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) infection developed in 13 persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Kowloon West Region, Hong Kong, China. Seven cases were infective spondylitis, 2 endocarditis, 2 septic arthritis, 1 intramuscular abscess and bacteremia, and 1 necrotizing fasciitis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the isolates from 9 patients were clonally related. This clone caused major illness, and 11 of the 13 patients required surgical treatment. Clinicians should be aware of this pathogen and the appropriate broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs to empirically prescribe for PWID with this life-threatening infection. Close collaboration among public health authorities, outreach social workers, and methadone clinics is essential for timely prevention and control of outbreaks in the PWID population.

EID Luk K, Tsang Y, Ho A, To W, Wong B, Wong M, et al. Invasive Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections among Persons Who Inject Drugs, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):323-330. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210945
AMA Luk K, Tsang Y, Ho A, et al. Invasive Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections among Persons Who Inject Drugs, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):323-330. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210945.
APA Luk, K., Tsang, Y., Ho, A., To, W., Wong, B., Wong, M....Wong, Y. (2022). Invasive Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections among Persons Who Inject Drugs, Hong Kong, China, 2016–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210945.

Comparative Effectiveness of Coronavirus Vaccine in Preventing Breakthrough Infections among Vaccinated Persons Infected with Delta and Alpha Variants [PDF - 930 KB - 7 pages]
I. Kislaya et al.

We developed a case–case study to compare mRNA vaccine effectiveness against Delta versus Alpha coronavirus variants. We used data on 2,097 case-patients with PCR-positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections reported in Portugal during May–July 2021. We estimated the odds of vaccine breakthrough infection in Delta-infected versus Alpha-infected patients by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for age group and sex and matched by the week of diagnosis. We compared reverse-transcription PCR cycle threshold values by vaccination status and variant as an indirect measure of viral load. We found significantly higher odds of vaccine breakthrough infection in Delta-infected patients than in Alpha-infected patients (odds ratio 1.96 [95% CI 1.22–3.14]), suggesting lower effectiveness of the mRNA vaccines in preventing infection with the Delta variant. We estimated lower mean cycle threshold values for the Delta cases (mean difference −2.10 [95% CI −2.74 to −1.47]), suggesting higher infectiousness than the Alpha variant.

EID Kislaya I, Rodrigues E, Borges V, Gomes JP, Sousa C, Almeida JP, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Coronavirus Vaccine in Preventing Breakthrough Infections among Vaccinated Persons Infected with Delta and Alpha Variants. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):331-337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211789
AMA Kislaya I, Rodrigues E, Borges V, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Coronavirus Vaccine in Preventing Breakthrough Infections among Vaccinated Persons Infected with Delta and Alpha Variants. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):331-337. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211789.
APA Kislaya, I., Rodrigues, E., Borges, V., Gomes, J. P., Sousa, C., Almeida, J. P....Nunes, B. (2022). Comparative Effectiveness of Coronavirus Vaccine in Preventing Breakthrough Infections among Vaccinated Persons Infected with Delta and Alpha Variants. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 331-337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211789.

Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine 6 Months after Vaccination among Patients in Large Health Maintenance Organization, Israel [PDF - 1.16 MB - 9 pages]
J. Kertes et al.

Israel experienced a new wave of coronavirus disease during June 2021, six months after implementing a national vaccination campaign. We conducted 3 discrete analyses using data from a large health maintenance organization in Israel to determine whether IgG levels of fully vaccinated persons decrease over time, describe the relationship between IgG titer and subsequent PCR-confirmed infection, and compare PCR-confirmed infection rates by period of vaccination. Mean IgG levels steadily decreased over the 6-month period in the total tested population and in all age groups. An inverse relationship was found between IgG titer and subsequent PCR-positive infection. Persons vaccinated during the first 2 months of the campaign were more likely to become infected than those subsequently vaccinated. The vaccinated group >60 years of age had lower initial IgG levels and were at greater risk for infection. The findings support the decision to add a booster vaccine for persons >60 years of age.

EID Kertes J, Gez S, Saciuk Y, Supino-Rosin L, Stein N, Mizrahi-Reuveni M, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine 6 Months after Vaccination among Patients in Large Health Maintenance Organization, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):338-346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211834
AMA Kertes J, Gez S, Saciuk Y, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine 6 Months after Vaccination among Patients in Large Health Maintenance Organization, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):338-346. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211834.
APA Kertes, J., Gez, S., Saciuk, Y., Supino-Rosin, L., Stein, N., Mizrahi-Reuveni, M....Zohar, A. E. (2022). Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine 6 Months after Vaccination among Patients in Large Health Maintenance Organization, Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 338-346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211834.

Comparison of Complications after Coronavirus Disease and Seasonal Influenza, South Korea [PDF - 1.54 MB - 7 pages]
H. Lee et al.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using claims data to determine the number and types of complications from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that patients experience and which patients are more vulnerable to those complications compared with complications in patients with influenza. Among the cohort, 19.6% of COVID-19 patients and 28.5% of influenza patients had >1 new complication. In most complications, COVID-19 patients had lower or similar relative risk compared with influenza patients; exceptions were hair loss, heart failure, mood disorder, and dementia. Young to middle-aged adult COVID-19 patients and patients in COVID-19 hotspots had a higher risk for complications. Overall, COVID-19 patients had fewer complications than influenza patients, but caution is necessary in high-risk groups. If the fatality rate for COVID-19 is reduced through vaccination, management strategies for this disease could be adapted, similar to those for influenza management, such as easing restrictions on economic activity or requirements for close-contact isolation.

EID Lee H, Sung H, Lee D, Choi Y, Lee J, Lee J, et al. Comparison of Complications after Coronavirus Disease and Seasonal Influenza, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):347-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211848
AMA Lee H, Sung H, Lee D, et al. Comparison of Complications after Coronavirus Disease and Seasonal Influenza, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):347-353. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211848.
APA Lee, H., Sung, H., Lee, D., Choi, Y., Lee, J., Lee, J....Oh, M. (2022). Comparison of Complications after Coronavirus Disease and Seasonal Influenza, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211848.

Medscape CME Activity
Epidemiology of Hospitalized Patients with Babesiosis, United States, 2010–2016 [PDF - 995 KB - 9 pages]
E. M. Bloch et al.

Babesia spp. are tickborne parasites that cause the clinical infection babesiosis, which has an increasing incidence in the United States. We performed an analysis of hospitalizations in the United States during 2010–2016 in which babesiosis was listed as a diagnosis. We used the National Inpatient Sample database to characterize the epidemiology of Babesia–associated admissions, reflecting severe Babesia-related disease. Over a 7-year period, a total of 7,818 hospitalizations listed babesiosis as a primary or secondary admitting diagnosis. Hospitalizations were seasonal (71.2% occurred during June–August) and situated overwhelmingly in the Northeast and Midwest. The patients were predominantly male and of advanced age, which is consistent with the expected epidemiology. Despite a higher severity of illness in more than (58.5%), the mortality rate was low (1.6%). Comparison with state reporting data suggests that the number of hospitalized persons with babesiosis increased modestly during the observation period.

EID Bloch EM, Day JR, Krause PJ, Kjemtrup A, O’Brien SF, Tobian A, et al. Epidemiology of Hospitalized Patients with Babesiosis, United States, 2010–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):354-362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210213
AMA Bloch EM, Day JR, Krause PJ, et al. Epidemiology of Hospitalized Patients with Babesiosis, United States, 2010–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):354-362. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210213.
APA Bloch, E. M., Day, J. R., Krause, P. J., Kjemtrup, A., O’Brien, S. F., Tobian, A....Goel, R. (2022). Epidemiology of Hospitalized Patients with Babesiosis, United States, 2010–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 354-362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210213.

Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks [PDF - 2.52 MB - 10 pages]
X. Zhang et al.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. This virus is transmitted by the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), which has parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in ≥15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. However, distribution of these cases was poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ticks. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ticks was collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTSV-endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of these ticks in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was similar to that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic Asian longhorned ticks, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.

EID Zhang X, Zhao C, Cheng C, Zhang G, Yu T, Lawrence K, et al. Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):363-372. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211532
AMA Zhang X, Zhao C, Cheng C, et al. Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):363-372. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211532.
APA Zhang, X., Zhao, C., Cheng, C., Zhang, G., Yu, T., Lawrence, K....Zheng, A. (2022). Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211532.

Genetic Relatedness of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Isolates, United States, 2019 [PDF - 2.30 MB - 9 pages]
A. K. Dhar et al.

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)–notifiable crustacean pathogen. During screening of Penaeus vannamei shrimp from 3 commercial shrimp facilities in the United States for a panel of OIE-listed (n = 7) and nonlisted (n = 2) crustacean diseases, shrimp from these facilities tested positive for IHHNV. Nucleotide sequences of PCR amplicons showed 99%–100% similarity to IHHNV isolates from Latin America and Asia. The whole genome of the isolates also showed high similarity to type 2 infectious forms of IHHNV. Phylogenetic analysis using capsid gene and whole-genome sequences demonstrated that the isolates clustered with an IHHNV isolate from Ecuador. The detection of an OIE-listed crustacean pathogen in the United States highlights the need for biosecurity protocols in hatcheries and grow-out ponds to mitigate losses.

EID Dhar AK, Cruz-Flores R, Warg J, Killian ML, Orry A, Ramos J, et al. Genetic Relatedness of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Isolates, United States, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):373-381. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211874
AMA Dhar AK, Cruz-Flores R, Warg J, et al. Genetic Relatedness of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Isolates, United States, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):373-381. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211874.
APA Dhar, A. K., Cruz-Flores, R., Warg, J., Killian, M. L., Orry, A., Ramos, J....Lyons, G. (2022). Genetic Relatedness of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Isolates, United States, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211874.

Wild Boars as Reservoir of Highly Virulent Clone of Hybrid Shiga Toxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Responsible for Edema Disease, France [PDF - 4.43 MB - 12 pages]
A. Perrat et al.

Edema disease is an often fatal enterotoxemia caused by specific strains of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that affect primarily healthy, rapidly growing nursery pigs. Recently, outbreaks of edema disease have also emerged in France in wild boars. Analysis of STEC strains isolated from wild boars during 2013–2019 showed that they belonged to the serotype O139:H1 and were positive for both Stx2e and F18 fimbriae. However, in contrast to classical STEC O139:H1 strains circulating in pigs, they also possessed enterotoxin genes sta1 and stb, typical of enterotoxigenic E. coli. In addition, the strains contained a unique accessory genome composition and did not harbor antimicrobial-resistance genes, in contrast to domestic pig isolates. These data thus reveal that the emergence of edema disease in wild boars was caused by atypical hybrid of STEC and enterotoxigenic E. coli O139:H1, which so far has been restricted to the wildlife environment.

EID Perrat A, Branchu P, Decors A, Turci S, Bayon-Auboyer M, Petit G, et al. Wild Boars as Reservoir of Highly Virulent Clone of Hybrid Shiga Toxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Responsible for Edema Disease, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):382-393. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211491
AMA Perrat A, Branchu P, Decors A, et al. Wild Boars as Reservoir of Highly Virulent Clone of Hybrid Shiga Toxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Responsible for Edema Disease, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):382-393. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211491.
APA Perrat, A., Branchu, P., Decors, A., Turci, S., Bayon-Auboyer, M., Petit, G....Oswald, E. (2022). Wild Boars as Reservoir of Highly Virulent Clone of Hybrid Shiga Toxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Responsible for Edema Disease, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211491.

Widespread Detection of Multiple Strains of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Spain [PDF - 1.82 MB - 9 pages]
M. Sánchez-Seco et al.

Human cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) were first detected in Spain in 2016. National human and animal health authorities organized a large, multidisciplinary study focusing on ticks as sentinels to determine the nationwide distribution of ticks with CCHF virus. Ticks were collected from animals and vegetation, samples pooled (12,584 ticks; 4,556 pools), and molecular methods used to look for the virus. We detected the virus in 135 pools from most of the regions studied, indicating that it is widespread in Spain. We found sequences of CCHF virus genotypes I, III, and IV in the tick species collected, most commonly in Hyalomma lusitanicum, suggesting this tick has a prominent role in the virus’s natural cycle. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) was the host that most frequently yielded positive ticks. Our study highlights the need for larger studies in Spain to ascertain the complete risk to public health.

EID Sánchez-Seco M, Sierra M, Estrada-Peña A, Valcárcel F, Molina R, de Arellano E, et al. Widespread Detection of Multiple Strains of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):394-402. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211308
AMA Sánchez-Seco M, Sierra M, Estrada-Peña A, et al. Widespread Detection of Multiple Strains of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):394-402. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211308.
APA Sánchez-Seco, M., Sierra, M., Estrada-Peña, A., Valcárcel, F., Molina, R., de Arellano, E....Negredo, A. (2022). Widespread Detection of Multiple Strains of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 394-402. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211308.
Dispatches

West Nile Virus Transmission by Solid Organ Transplantation and Considerations for Organ Donor Screening Practices, United States [PDF - 723 KB - 4 pages]
R. A. Soto et al.

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common domestic arbovirus in the United States. During 2018, WNV was transmitted through solid organ transplantation to 2 recipients who had neuroinvasive disease develop. Because of increased illness and death in transplant recipients, organ procurement organizations should consider screening during region-specific WNV transmission months.

EID Soto RA, McDonald E, Annambhotla P, Velez JO, Laven J, Panella AJ, et al. West Nile Virus Transmission by Solid Organ Transplantation and Considerations for Organ Donor Screening Practices, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):403-406. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211697
AMA Soto RA, McDonald E, Annambhotla P, et al. West Nile Virus Transmission by Solid Organ Transplantation and Considerations for Organ Donor Screening Practices, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):403-406. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211697.
APA Soto, R. A., McDonald, E., Annambhotla, P., Velez, J. O., Laven, J., Panella, A. J....Gould, C. V. (2022). West Nile Virus Transmission by Solid Organ Transplantation and Considerations for Organ Donor Screening Practices, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 403-406. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211697.

Serial Interval and Transmission Dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Predominance, South Korea [PDF - 3.07 MB - 4 pages]
S. Ryu et al.

We estimated mean serial interval and superspreading potential for the Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in South Korea. Intervals were similar for the first (3.7 days) and second (3.5 days) study periods. Risk for superspreading events was also similar; 23% and 25% of cases, respectively, seeded 80% of transmissions.

EID Ryu S, Kim D, Lim J, Ali S, Cowling BJ. Serial Interval and Transmission Dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Predominance, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):407-410. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211774
AMA Ryu S, Kim D, Lim J, et al. Serial Interval and Transmission Dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Predominance, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):407-410. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211774.
APA Ryu, S., Kim, D., Lim, J., Ali, S., & Cowling, B. J. (2022). Serial Interval and Transmission Dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Predominance, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 407-410. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211774.

Postvaccination Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adult with No Evidence of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection [PDF - 1.20 MB - 4 pages]
Y. Choi et al.

Ten days after receiving the first dose of coronavirus disease vaccine, a 22-year-old woman in South Korea experienced myocarditis, myopathy, pericarditis, and gastroenteritis; rash subsequently developed. There was no evidence of prior infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The diagnosis was multisystem inflammatory syndrome resulting from coronavirus disease vaccination.

EID Choi Y, Moon J, Kim J, Yoo I, Kwon G, Bae H, et al. Postvaccination Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adult with No Evidence of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):411-414. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211938
AMA Choi Y, Moon J, Kim J, et al. Postvaccination Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adult with No Evidence of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):411-414. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211938.
APA Choi, Y., Moon, J., Kim, J., Yoo, I., Kwon, G., Bae, H....Kym, S. (2022). Postvaccination Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adult with No Evidence of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 411-414. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211938.

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.619 and B.1.620 Lineages, South Korea, 2021 [PDF - 1.45 MB - 5 pages]
A. Park et al.

We report the rapid emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 lineages B.1.619 and B.1.620 in South Korea. The surge in frequency in a relatively short time emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring for new lineages to track potential increases in transmissibility and disease severity and reductions in vaccine efficacy.

EID Park A, Kim I, Man Kim H, Lee H, Lee N, Kim J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.619 and B.1.620 Lineages, South Korea, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):415-419. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211653
AMA Park A, Kim I, Man Kim H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.619 and B.1.620 Lineages, South Korea, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):415-419. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211653.
APA Park, A., Kim, I., Man Kim, H., Lee, H., Lee, N., Kim, J....Kim, E. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 B.1.619 and B.1.620 Lineages, South Korea, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211653.

Postmortem Surveillance for Ebola Virus Using OraQuick Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2019–2020 [PDF - 1.77 MB - 5 pages]
D. Mukadi-Bamuleka et al.

After a pilot study, we tested 443 cadavers using OraQuick Ebola rapid diagnostic tests during surveillance after the 10th Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. No false negative and 2% false-positive results were reported. Quickly returning results and engaging the community enabled timely public health actions.

EID Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Sanogo Y, Bulabula-Penge J, Morales-Betoulle ME, Fillon P, Woodruff P, et al. Postmortem Surveillance for Ebola Virus Using OraQuick Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2019–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):420-424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210981
AMA Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Sanogo Y, Bulabula-Penge J, et al. Postmortem Surveillance for Ebola Virus Using OraQuick Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):420-424. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210981.
APA Mukadi-Bamuleka, D., Sanogo, Y., Bulabula-Penge, J., Morales-Betoulle, M. E., Fillon, P., Woodruff, P....Ahuka-Mundeke, S. (2022). Postmortem Surveillance for Ebola Virus Using OraQuick Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 420-424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210981.

Public Acceptance of and Willingness to Pay for Mosquito Control, Texas, USA [PDF - 1.32 MB - 4 pages]
K. L. Dickinson et al.

Mosquito control is essential to reduce vectorborne disease risk. We surveyed residents in Harris, Tarrant, and Hidalgo Counties, Texas, USA, to estimate willingness-to-pay for mosquito control and acceptance of control methods. Results show an unmet demand for expanded mosquito control that could be funded through local taxes or fees.

EID Dickinson KL, Banacos N, Carbajal E, Dacko N, Fredregill C, Hinojosa S, et al. Public Acceptance of and Willingness to Pay for Mosquito Control, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):425-428. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210501
AMA Dickinson KL, Banacos N, Carbajal E, et al. Public Acceptance of and Willingness to Pay for Mosquito Control, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):425-428. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210501.
APA Dickinson, K. L., Banacos, N., Carbajal, E., Dacko, N., Fredregill, C., Hinojosa, S....Hamer, G. L. (2022). Public Acceptance of and Willingness to Pay for Mosquito Control, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 425-428. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210501.

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence before Delta Variant Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh, March–June 2021 [PDF - 650 KB - 3 pages]
T. Bhuiyan et al.

A March–June 2021 representative serosurvey among Sitakunda subdistrict (Chattogram, Bangladesh) residents found an adjusted prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies of 64.1% (95% credible interval 60.0%–68.1%). Before the Delta variant surge, most residents had been infected, although cumulative confirmed coronavirus disease incidence was low.

EID Bhuiyan T, Hulse J, Hegde ST, Akhtar M, Islam T, Khan Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence before Delta Variant Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh, March–June 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):429-431. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211689
AMA Bhuiyan T, Hulse J, Hegde ST, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence before Delta Variant Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh, March–June 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):429-431. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211689.
APA Bhuiyan, T., Hulse, J., Hegde, S. T., Akhtar, M., Islam, T., Khan, Z....Qadri, F. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence before Delta Variant Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh, March–June 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 429-431. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211689.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 Subclone, Vietnam, 2019–2020 [PDF - 1.09 MB - 4 pages]
T. Trinh et al.

Among 114 clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Vietnam during 2019–2020, we detected 15 of subclone sequence type 13871 of the FC428 clonal complex. Fourteen sequence type 13871 isolates with mosaic penA allele 60.001 were ceftriaxone or cefixime nonsusceptible, and 3/14 were azithromycin nonsusceptible. Emergence of this subclone threatens treatment effectiveness.

EID Trinh T, Nguyen T, Le T, Nguyen T, Ninh D, Duong B, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 Subclone, Vietnam, 2019–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):432-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211788
AMA Trinh T, Nguyen T, Le T, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 Subclone, Vietnam, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):432-435. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211788.
APA Trinh, T., Nguyen, T., Le, T., Nguyen, T., Ninh, D., Duong, B....Rogier van Doorn, H. (2022). Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 Subclone, Vietnam, 2019–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 432-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211788.

Zoonotic Infection with Oz Virus, a Novel Thogotovirus [PDF - 1.04 MB - 4 pages]
N. Tran et al.

Oz virus is a novel thogotovirus isolated from ticks that causes lethal infection in mice. We conducted serosurveillance of Oz virus infection among humans and wild mammals in Japan using virus-neutralization tests and ELISAs. Results showed that Oz virus may be naturally infecting humans and other mammalian hosts.

EID Tran N, Shimoda H, Ishijima K, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Kuroda Y, et al. Zoonotic Infection with Oz Virus, a Novel Thogotovirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):436-439. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211270
AMA Tran N, Shimoda H, Ishijima K, et al. Zoonotic Infection with Oz Virus, a Novel Thogotovirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):436-439. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211270.
APA Tran, N., Shimoda, H., Ishijima, K., Yonemitsu, K., Minami, S., Kuroda, Y....Maeda, K. (2022). Zoonotic Infection with Oz Virus, a Novel Thogotovirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 436-439. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211270.

SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactivity in Prepandemic Serum from Rural Malaria-Infected Persons, Cambodia [PDF - 2.27 MB - 5 pages]
J. Manning et al.

Inhabitants of the Greater Mekong Subregion in Cambodia are exposed to pathogens that might influence serologic cross-reactivity with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A prepandemic serosurvey of 528 malaria-infected persons demonstrated higher-than-expected positivity of nonneutralizing IgG to spike and receptor-binding domain antigens. These findings could affect interpretation of large-scale serosurveys.

EID Manning J, Zaidi I, Lon C, Rosas L, Park J, Ponce A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactivity in Prepandemic Serum from Rural Malaria-Infected Persons, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):440-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211725
AMA Manning J, Zaidi I, Lon C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactivity in Prepandemic Serum from Rural Malaria-Infected Persons, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):440-444. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211725.
APA Manning, J., Zaidi, I., Lon, C., Rosas, L., Park, J., Ponce, A....Oliveira, F. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactivity in Prepandemic Serum from Rural Malaria-Infected Persons, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 440-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211725.

Tonate Virus and Fetal Abnormalities, French Guiana, 2019 [PDF - 1.87 MB - 4 pages]
V. Lambert et al.

We report a case of vertical transmission of Tonate virus in a pregnant woman from French Guiana. The fetus showed severe necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions of the brain and spinal cord. Clinicians should be made aware of possible adverse fetal outcomes in pregnant women infected with Tonate virus.

EID Lambert V, Enfissi A, Lefebvre M, Pomar L, Kedous S, Guimiot F, et al. Tonate Virus and Fetal Abnormalities, French Guiana, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):445-448. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210884
AMA Lambert V, Enfissi A, Lefebvre M, et al. Tonate Virus and Fetal Abnormalities, French Guiana, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):445-448. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210884.
APA Lambert, V., Enfissi, A., Lefebvre, M., Pomar, L., Kedous, S., Guimiot, F....Hcini, N. (2022). Tonate Virus and Fetal Abnormalities, French Guiana, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 445-448. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210884.

Babesia crassa–Like Human Infection Indicating Need for Adapted PCR Diagnosis of Babesiosis, France [PDF - 1.40 MB - 4 pages]
C. Doderer-Lang et al.

Human babesiosis in Europe is caused by multiple zoonotic species. We describe a case in a splenectomized patient, in which a routine Babesia divergens PCR result was negative. A universal Babesia spp. PCR yielded a positive result and enabled classification of the parasite into the less-described Babesia crassa–like complex.

EID Doderer-Lang C, Filisetti D, Badin J, Delale C, Clavier V, Brunet J, et al. Babesia crassa–Like Human Infection Indicating Need for Adapted PCR Diagnosis of Babesiosis, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):449-452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211596
AMA Doderer-Lang C, Filisetti D, Badin J, et al. Babesia crassa–Like Human Infection Indicating Need for Adapted PCR Diagnosis of Babesiosis, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):449-452. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211596.
APA Doderer-Lang, C., Filisetti, D., Badin, J., Delale, C., Clavier, V., Brunet, J....Pfaff, A. W. (2022). Babesia crassa–Like Human Infection Indicating Need for Adapted PCR Diagnosis of Babesiosis, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 449-452. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211596.

Clinical Features and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Infants with Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus, Colombia [PDF - 887 KB - 4 pages]
L. A. Pérez-Vera et al.

Transplacental transmission of Zika virus has been reported during all trimesters of pregnancy and might lead to central nervous system anomalies, including microcephaly. We report 3 cases of perinatal Zika infection identified during the epidemic in Colombia and provide detailed descriptions of clinical features, diagnosis, and neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months of age (corrected).

EID Pérez-Vera LA, Herrera-García V, Pérez-Matos MC, Díaz-Martínez LA, Villar-Centeno LA, Pinilla-García LS, et al. Clinical Features and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Infants with Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):453-456. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204551
AMA Pérez-Vera LA, Herrera-García V, Pérez-Matos MC, et al. Clinical Features and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Infants with Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):453-456. doi:10.3201/eid2802.204551.
APA Pérez-Vera, L. A., Herrera-García, V., Pérez-Matos, M. C., Díaz-Martínez, L. A., Villar-Centeno, L. A., Pinilla-García, L. S....Rojas, M. A. (2022). Clinical Features and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Infants with Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 453-456. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204551.
Research Letters

SARS-CoV-2 Circulation, Guinea, March 2020–July 2021 [PDF - 1.04 MB - 4 pages]
S. Grayo et al.

This overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 circulation over 1.5 years in Guinea demonstrates that virus clades and variants of interest and concern were progressively introduced, mostly by travellers through Conakry, before spreading through the country. Sequencing is key to following virus evolution and establishing efficient control strategies.

EID Grayo S, Troupin C, Diagne M, Sagno H, Ellis I, Doukouré B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Circulation, Guinea, March 2020–July 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):457-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212182
AMA Grayo S, Troupin C, Diagne M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Circulation, Guinea, March 2020–July 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):457-460. doi:10.3201/eid2802.212182.
APA Grayo, S., Troupin, C., Diagne, M., Sagno, H., Ellis, I., Doukouré, B....Tordo, N. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Circulation, Guinea, March 2020–July 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 457-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212182.

Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021 [PDF - 1.29 MB - 3 pages]
H. Gu et al.

We report detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) in an asymptomatic, fully vaccinated traveler in a quarantine hotel in Hong Kong, China. The Omicron variant was also detected in a fully vaccinated traveler staying in a room across the corridor from the index patient, suggesting transmission despite strict quarantine precautions.

EID Gu H, Krishnan P, Ng D, Chang L, Liu G, Cheng S, et al. Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):460-462. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212422
AMA Gu H, Krishnan P, Ng D, et al. Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):460-462. doi:10.3201/eid2802.212422.
APA Gu, H., Krishnan, P., Ng, D., Chang, L., Liu, G., Cheng, S....Poon, L. (2022). Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 460-462. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212422.

Seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies in Adults, Arkhangelsk, Russia [PDF - 694 KB - 3 pages]
E. Krieger et al.

Population-based data on coronavirus disease in Russia and on the immunogenicity of the Sputnik V vaccine are sparse. In a survey of 1,080 residents of Arkhangelsk 40–75 years of age, 65% were seropositive for IgG. Fifteen percent of participants had been vaccinated; of those, 97% were seropositive.

EID Krieger E, Kudryavtsev A, Sharashova E, Postoev V, Belova N, Shagrov L, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies in Adults, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):463-465. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211640
AMA Krieger E, Kudryavtsev A, Sharashova E, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies in Adults, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):463-465. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211640.
APA Krieger, E., Kudryavtsev, A., Sharashova, E., Postoev, V., Belova, N., Shagrov, L....Leon, D. A. (2022). Seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies in Adults, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 463-465. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211640.

Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France [PDF - 1.16 MB - 3 pages]
A. Hennebique et al.

Although Francisella tularensis is a well-known, highly virulent bacterium that causes tularemia in humans, other Francisella species have been associated with sporadic human infections. We describe a human cutaneous infection with bacteremia caused by F. salimarina, a Francisella species recently identified from seawater and fishes, in an immunocompromised patient in France.

EID Hennebique A, Caspar Y, Maurin M, Boisset S, Pelloux I, Gallego-Hernanz M, et al. Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):465-467. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211380
AMA Hennebique A, Caspar Y, Maurin M, et al. Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):465-467. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211380.
APA Hennebique, A., Caspar, Y., Maurin, M., Boisset, S., Pelloux, I., Gallego-Hernanz, M....Rammaert, B. (2022). Ulceroglandular Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Francisella salimarina in Immunocompromised Patient, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 465-467. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211380.

Surveillance of Rodent Pests for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses, Hong Kong [PDF - 1.51 MB - 4 pages]
E. F. Miot et al.

We report surveillance conducted in 217 pestiferous rodents in Hong Kong for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We did not detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA but identified 1 seropositive rodent, suggesting exposure to a virus antigenically similar to SARS-CoV-2. Potential exposure of urban rodents to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be ruled out.

EID Miot EF, Worthington BM, Ng K, de Lataillade L, Pierce MP, Liao Y, et al. Surveillance of Rodent Pests for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):467-470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211586
AMA Miot EF, Worthington BM, Ng K, et al. Surveillance of Rodent Pests for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):467-470. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211586.
APA Miot, E. F., Worthington, B. M., Ng, K., de Lataillade, L., Pierce, M. P., Liao, Y....Lam, T. T. (2022). Surveillance of Rodent Pests for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 467-470. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211586.

Spillover of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 to Pigs, South Dakota, USA, 2020 [PDF - 1.05 MB - 3 pages]
G. Temeeyasen et al.

In 1978, canine parvovirus type 2 originated from spillover of a feline panleukopenia–like virus, causing a worldwide pandemic of enteritis and myocarditis among canids. In 2020, the virus was identified in pigs in South Dakota, USA, by PCR, sequencing, in situ hybridization, and serology. Genetic analysis suggests spillover from wildlife.

EID Temeeyasen G, Sharafeldin TA, Lin C, Hause BM. Spillover of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 to Pigs, South Dakota, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):471-473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211681
AMA Temeeyasen G, Sharafeldin TA, Lin C, et al. Spillover of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 to Pigs, South Dakota, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):471-473. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211681.
APA Temeeyasen, G., Sharafeldin, T. A., Lin, C., & Hause, B. M. (2022). Spillover of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 to Pigs, South Dakota, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 471-473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211681.

Antenatal Seroprevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2017–2019 [PDF - 691 KB - 3 pages]
J. J. Anzinger et al.

To determine the extent of exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Jamaica, we collected serum from 584 pregnant women during 2017–2019. We found that 15.6% had antibodies against ZIKV and 83.6% against CHIKV. These results indicate potential recirculation of ZIKV but not CHIKV in the near future.

EID Anzinger JJ, Mears CD, Ades A, Francis K, Phillips Y, Leys YE, et al. Antenatal Seroprevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2017–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):473-475. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211849
AMA Anzinger JJ, Mears CD, Ades A, et al. Antenatal Seroprevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2017–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):473-475. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211849.
APA Anzinger, J. J., Mears, C. D., Ades, A., Francis, K., Phillips, Y., Leys, Y. E....Christie, C. (2022). Antenatal Seroprevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2017–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 473-475. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211849.

Group IV Getah Virus in Culex Mosquitoes, Malaysia [PDF - 800 KB - 3 pages]
S. Sam et al.

A new Getah virus (GETV) strain, B254, was isolated from Culex fuscocephalus mosquitoes captured at Mount Ophir, Malaysia, in 2012. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that GETV B254 is distinct from the old Malaysia GETV MM2021 strain but closely related to group IV GETV from Russia (LEIV16275Mag), China (YN12031), and Thailand (GETV/SW/Thailand/2017).

EID Sam S, Mohamed-Romai-Noor N, Teoh B, Hamim Z, Ng H, Abd-Jamil J, et al. Group IV Getah Virus in Culex Mosquitoes, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):475-477. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204887
AMA Sam S, Mohamed-Romai-Noor N, Teoh B, et al. Group IV Getah Virus in Culex Mosquitoes, Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):475-477. doi:10.3201/eid2802.204887.
APA Sam, S., Mohamed-Romai-Noor, N., Teoh, B., Hamim, Z., Ng, H., Abd-Jamil, J....AbuBakar, S. (2022). Group IV Getah Virus in Culex Mosquitoes, Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 475-477. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.204887.

Rickettsiosis Caused by Rickettsia parkeri, Mexico [PDF - 759 KB - 2 pages]
G. Peniche-Lara and V. Lara-Perera

We report a human case of rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic Rainforest in Mexico in an adult woman from a small town in the north of Yucatan, Mexico. We confirmed diagnosis using conventional PCR and sequence analysis. Health providers should be aware of clinical manifestations of rickettsioses in this region.

EID Peniche-Lara G, Lara-Perera V. Rickettsiosis Caused by Rickettsia parkeri, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):478-479. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210454
AMA Peniche-Lara G, Lara-Perera V. Rickettsiosis Caused by Rickettsia parkeri, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):478-479. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210454.
APA Peniche-Lara, G., & Lara-Perera, V. (2022). Rickettsiosis Caused by Rickettsia parkeri, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 478-479. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210454.

Novel Anaplasmataceae agents Candidatus Ehrlichia hydrochoerus and Anaplasma spp. Infecting Capybaras, Brazil [PDF - 1.31 MB - 3 pages]
T. Vieira et al.

We amplified Ehrlichia and Anaplasma DNA from Amblyomma dubitatum tick–infested capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in southern Brazil. Sequencing of 16S rRNA, sodB, and groEL indicated a novel Ehrlichia species, and sequencing of 16S rRNA from 2 capybaras indicated a novel Anaplasma species. The tick vectors remain unknown.

EID Vieira T, Collere F, Ferrari L, Baggio RA, Lange RR, Ferrari MV, et al. Novel Anaplasmataceae agents Candidatus Ehrlichia hydrochoerus and Anaplasma spp. Infecting Capybaras, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):480-482. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210705
AMA Vieira T, Collere F, Ferrari L, et al. Novel Anaplasmataceae agents Candidatus Ehrlichia hydrochoerus and Anaplasma spp. Infecting Capybaras, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):480-482. doi:10.3201/eid2802.210705.
APA Vieira, T., Collere, F., Ferrari, L., Baggio, R. A., Lange, R. R., Ferrari, M. V....Vieira, R. (2022). Novel Anaplasmataceae agents Candidatus Ehrlichia hydrochoerus and Anaplasma spp. Infecting Capybaras, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 480-482. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.210705.

Dirofilaria immitis Pulmonary Dirofilariasis, Slovakia [PDF - 1.53 MB - 4 pages]
M. Miterpáková et al.

Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite related to pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans, its accidental hosts. We detected an autochthonous case of D. immitis infection in a woman from Slovakia. The emergence and spread of this parasite in Europe indicates a critical need for proper diagnosis of infection.

EID Miterpáková M, Antolová D, Rampalová J, Undesser M, Krajčovič T, Víchová B. Dirofilaria immitis Pulmonary Dirofilariasis, Slovakia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):482-485. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211963
AMA Miterpáková M, Antolová D, Rampalová J, et al. Dirofilaria immitis Pulmonary Dirofilariasis, Slovakia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):482-485. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211963.
APA Miterpáková, M., Antolová, D., Rampalová, J., Undesser, M., Krajčovič, T., & Víchová, B. (2022). Dirofilaria immitis Pulmonary Dirofilariasis, Slovakia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 482-485. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211963.

Fatal Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Associated with Septic Shock, Iran [PDF - 1.19 MB - 4 pages]
S. Esmaeili et al.

A fatal case of Mediterranean spotted fever associated with septic shock was reported in a 61-year-old man living in a village in southeastern Iran. The patient had a history of tick bite a few days before symptom onset. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed infection by Rickettsia conorii subspecies israelensis.

EID Esmaeili S, Latifian M, Khalili M, Farrokhnia M, Stenos J, Shafiei M, et al. Fatal Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Associated with Septic Shock, Iran. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):485-488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211023
AMA Esmaeili S, Latifian M, Khalili M, et al. Fatal Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Associated with Septic Shock, Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):485-488. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211023.
APA Esmaeili, S., Latifian, M., Khalili, M., Farrokhnia, M., Stenos, J., Shafiei, M....Mostafavi, E. (2022). Fatal Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Associated with Septic Shock, Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 485-488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211023.

Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018 [PDF - 1.67 MB - 4 pages]
M. M. Mitchell et al.

To determine Bartonella spp. dynamics, we sampled bats and bat flies across 15 roosts in Costa Rica. PCR indicated prevalence of 10.7% in bats and 29.0% in ectoparasite pools. Phylogenetic analysis of 8 sequences from bats and 5 from bat fly pools revealed 11 distinct genetic variants, including 2 potentially new genotypes.

EID Mitchell MM, Vicente-Santos A, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Corrales-Aguilar E, Gillespie TR. Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):488-491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211686
AMA Mitchell MM, Vicente-Santos A, Rodríguez-Herrera B, et al. Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):488-491. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211686.
APA Mitchell, M. M., Vicente-Santos, A., Rodríguez-Herrera, B., Corrales-Aguilar, E., & Gillespie, T. R. (2022). Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 488-491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211686.
Letters

High Infection Attack Rate after SARS-CoV-2 Delta Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh [PDF - 1.01 MB - 2 pages]
S. T. Hegde et al.
EID Hegde ST, Bhuiyan T, Akhtar M, Islam T, Hulse J, Khan Z, et al. High Infection Attack Rate after SARS-CoV-2 Delta Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):491-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212417
AMA Hegde ST, Bhuiyan T, Akhtar M, et al. High Infection Attack Rate after SARS-CoV-2 Delta Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):491-492. doi:10.3201/eid2802.212417.
APA Hegde, S. T., Bhuiyan, T., Akhtar, M., Islam, T., Hulse, J., Khan, Z....Qadri, F. (2022). High Infection Attack Rate after SARS-CoV-2 Delta Surge, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 491-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212417.

Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection [PDF - 618 KB - 2 pages]
B. Davido et al.
EID Davido B, Jaffal K, Annane D, Lawrence C, Gault E, De P. Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):492-493. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211971
AMA Davido B, Jaffal K, Annane D, et al. Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):492-493. doi:10.3201/eid2802.211971.
APA Davido, B., Jaffal, K., Annane, D., Lawrence, C., Gault, E., & De, P. (2022). Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 492-493. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211971.
Books and Media

Legionellosis: Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era [PDF - 678 KB - 1 page]
P. H. Edelstein
EID Edelstein PH. Legionellosis: Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):494. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212055
AMA Edelstein PH. Legionellosis: Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):494. doi:10.3201/eid2802.212055.
APA Edelstein, P. H. (2022). Legionellosis: Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212055.
About the Cover

Deadly, Dangerous, and Decorative Creatures [PDF - 1.33 MB - 2 pages]
B. Breedlove
EID Breedlove B. Deadly, Dangerous, and Decorative Creatures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):495-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.ac2802
AMA Breedlove B. Deadly, Dangerous, and Decorative Creatures. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):495-496. doi:10.3201/eid2802.ac2802.
APA Breedlove, B. (2022). Deadly, Dangerous, and Decorative Creatures. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 495-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.ac2802.
Etymologia

The Color Puce (Pyüs) [PDF - 1006 KB - 1 page]
C. Partin
EID Partin C. The Color Puce (Pyüs). Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):302. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212274
AMA Partin C. The Color Puce (Pyüs). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(2):302. doi:10.3201/eid2802.212274.
APA Partin, C. (2022). The Color Puce (Pyüs). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(2), 302. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.212274.
Page created: January 23, 2022
Page updated: January 27, 2022
Page reviewed: January 27, 2022
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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